Consider knowledge issues Essay

â€Å"That which is accepted as knowledge today is sometimes discarded tomorrow.† Consider knowledge issues raised by this statement in two areas of knowledge. Nowadays, due to for example technological development, every day can bring us a new knowledge. Something that yesterday was unthinkable, today turned into reality. Does that work in the opposite way? Does knowledge from hundreds of years ago is still considered as truth? Does knowledge have a period of validity? I found it very interesting considering the fact that most people believe in everything what famous scientists say. They are learning things, which are written in books or newspapers and they consider it as truth. But how do we know that something is truth? There are various of theories which are created every day and overturned after few days or even hours. While thinking about all knowledge theories, one question is coming to our mind, how do we know that previously accepted knowledge is timeless, and when it is accountable to be inverted as new thinking emerges? On those questions I will try to answer in my essay. To accurately answer the question posed in the task, areas of knowledge to which I am going to relate my work are history and human sciences. Technological development which was mentioned before allowed us to verify whether created theories are true or false. Theories from which we obtains our knowledge are changing constantly. Some of them could be overturned after they were assessed as unreliable. Such assessment can be done due to development which we already obtained. However, technology can also be used to improve the reliability of such knowledge. As an example of such theory I will use biological cell theory. In 1590, Hans and Zacharias Janssen invented a microscope under which in 1665 Robert Hooke firstly discovered cells, the basic units of structure and function of all living organisms. There was not many informations about this new discover. For years, scientists have expanded their knowledge about cells and they are doing it even now. Thanks to technology, now we know almost everything about cells. How they replicate, what they contain inside of them. The theory has been improved so this is still considered as reliable knowledge. Another example of improvement in sources of knowledge could be found in physics. In ancient Greece, Democritus discovered the smallest unit of matter – atom. Due to  many various experiments performed till now, theory about atom has changed many times and it is still not over. Scientists are always looking for new informations, therefore they are collecting new knowledge. From this knowledge new theories are created and then, by new technologies those are considered as true or false or improved. Another example of knowledge which was discarded after a long time is psychoanalysis. Psychoanalysis is a method of understanding and treatment of human psychology and the theory allows to explain the different social and cultural phenomena. It was begun in the late nineteenth and early twentieth century by the Viennese physician Sigmund Freud. For many years, psychoanalysis was considered as the best method of treatment of mental disorders based on assumptions psychoanalytic theory. It assumes that the primary cause of the symptoms is unconscious memory, which involves strong emotions, resulting in a traumatic situation. Goal of psychoanalysis as a therapeutic method is to restore the consciousness of those memories. Critics of psychoanalysis as a scientific theory argue that it cannot be verified experimentally, so it cannot be classified as science, but only to literature, pseudoscience or para-science. In addition, many authors believe that Freud in many places falsify his observ ations to confirm his theory. Karl Popper took example of psychoanalysis as a theory unfalsifiable, and therefore unscientific. Unfalsifiable of psychoanalysis can be represented by the following example. A person smokes a cigar. Psychoanalysis claims that in this way this person satisfies his oral needs. If this person confirms, it would constitute proof of the veracity of the claims of psychoanalysis. If, however, deny that the reasons for the denial of that to be found in ignorance and denial. Thus, it also confirms the truth of the claims of psychoanalysis. Except Freud, there are many other psychoanalysts. As an example I will use Alfred Adler. Alfred Adler was an Austrian medical doctor and psychotherapist who found school of individual psychology. Different case in point how knowledge can be discarded we can find in case of penicillin. It was the first antibiotic found in 1928 by Alexander Fleming. Firstly, it was considered as the best known to humanity treatment for almost all the diseases. The mechanism of action of penicillin as  antibiotics by blocking the activity of bacterial enzymes. It lend a hand to a lot of people with their diseases and sufferings and it brought a great success to scientists which found it. They even got the Nobel Prize in 1945 for inventing penicillin. However, after a few years when penicillin was on the market, many people started to complain on side effects of penicillin. It turned out that a lot of them are allergic to penicillin and therefore they have huge problems with their health. Some people even had anaphylactic shock after first dose. Moreover, users of penicillin were complaining from fever, chilling, profuse sweating, cyanosis or hypotension. These facts have rejected the recogniti on of penicillin as the best antibiotic and therefore knowledge that penicillin is the best antibiotic was discarded. Nowadays due to technology we have much better kinds of antibiotics. Many of them are antiallergic and therefore may be used by all people suffering from different diseases. Except science, knowledge changes also on historical ground. It mainly refer to revisionist historians. History we learn is changing all the time, as revisionist historians change things so as to fit the truths more likely than it is. As it is known, history is always incomplete. There are many facts about we do not have a clue or we don’t know why something happened. Thanks to revisionist historians, old theories are in fact changed into the new ones, which are considered as better and therefore more accurate truth of the world is created. In this case, old theories are not discarded, but evolved to adjust to the flow of time and new informations possessed. Therefore, theories created by earlier generations are accepted but changed in future to fit the truth more likely. This brings us to consensus that even though a few years ago something was considered by historians as truth, today due to technology and revisionist historians it may be considered as totally different. As we can see, nothing stays forever on our planet. Everyday everything changes, new knowledge is discovered and new theories are created. World is constantly evolving and brings us new technology by which we can discover new informations and therefore knowledge. Psychoanalysis, discover of penicillin, cell theory, revisionist historians and discover of atom are all  an examples of how can knowledge change due to the passage of time and technology development. Taking this into consideration, the statement mentioned in the subject â€Å"That which is accepted as knowledge today is sometimes discarded tomorrow.† perfectly represents the idea and speed of development of modern world. Even though today we think that something is true and different theory is unacceptable, in few years or centuries it could be discarded or evolved into the new theory.

Acts of Kindness Essay

Category: Community Description of Act: Today I went to portage Park (which is very close to my house) and I picked up garbage with my pink gloves in a trash bag around the whole Park. Reflection: Since I live close to portage Park I go there a lot and when I go there I see that there’s a lot of trash around and nobody picks it up. So I decided that the nice thing that I would do would be to pick up the trash and put in a trashcan. I know I’m not helping that much because people are going to keep putting trash on the ground but at least I know that I can help a little bit. At first it was a little weird because people started wondering why I was wear pink gloves and picking up trash but then this one older woman came up to me and thanked me for picking up trash because she didn’t like it when the park was dirty and after that I felt really good about what I was doing and I felt like what I was doing had purpose. Act of kindness #2 Category: Community Description of Act: Me and my family decided that we should do something good for the community and we decided that we should make sandwiches for homeless people around the neighborhood and give them out to soup kitchens and other places like that. Reflection: So one day my family decided that they wanted to help the homeless people around my neighborhood since we have all this food and a roof over our house to be thankful for we should help those that were in need. When I was making the sandwiches I thought what I was doing was really positive and was a good thing but then I also thought what if they don’t want to be helped or pitied what if they have too much pride? But after we went around and gave around the sandwiches to homeless people and  soup kitchens and felt like it was still was kind of a rude but people need other people to help them sometimes and we were those people. The homeless people were very thankful for the sandwiches and were happy that we did what we d id. Act of kindness #3 Category: Teachers Description of Act: After school one day I went to one of my math teacher’s class and I helped them out with organizing papers, grading quizzes, and whatever else he needed. Reflection: Sometimes the only time I help teachers of the schools because of extra credit or they give me candy but this time I went because I wanted you guys out there that knew that he had a lot of work that he had to do but little time. When he saw me come into the classroom after school use a little surprised because he didn’t ask for any help for extra credit but I told him that I was there because I just wanted to help and be nice. He thought that it was very thoughtful me to help him with his grading and organizing and I felt really happy afterwards because I did something good without needing to have credit extra credit be a motivation. Act of kindness #4 Category: Teachers Description of Act: Today I saw a teacher going up the stairs with a lot of books and I came over and helped out and grab some of the books which were very heavy and helped her put them in the classroom that they needed to be in. Reflection: Even if I wasn’t doing this project which is pretty cool project if I do say so myself I would’ve still helped her out because of the kind of person I am and it just feels really nice when you help someone out without having them ask you. I know that if I was going to stairs with heavy books I would want someone to help me out too. When I asked if she needed help she smiled which made me smile made me feel good to help her. Act of kindness #5 Category: Parent/Guardians Description of Act: Today I woke up early in the morning I went into the kitchen and started cooking some breakfast. I cooked eggs, bacon, and hash  browns. I talked a lot so everybody my house could eat some and believe me they ate some. They didn’t ask me to cook and they were surprised that I cooked. Reflection: My Mom and Dad when I was little always used to cook me breakfast with eggs and bacon and all that other good stuff but since they work more often didn’t have the time to cook for us which was sad because I love bacon in the morning. So I decided I should make breakfast for them this one time because I’m terrible at cooking so I did and I did pretty well for my first time. They loved it and they loved that didn’t have asked me they love that it was a surprise they loved that it was actually good LOL. I felt really good inside and felt really nice to see my family together eating and it made me feel like I brought the family together. Act of kindness #6 Category: Parent/Guardians Description of Act: Again I woke up early and decided I would do a nice thing and clean house and when I meant clean the house I mean clean the HOUSE. I went all around the house cleaned every corner in every dusty place until it was spotless or close enough to spotless. And no one asked me to do it. Reflection: My mom always bugs me about cleaning my room and yells at me when I don’t so I thought to myself in the morning at 7:00 AM when everybody was sleeping why don’t I just clean no one else will do it and then she would never yell at me ever again just kidding. But I know I would make her happy so that’s the main reason why did it. I clean the house so good that I think I will never have to clean the house ever again. When my parents came home and saw the house I think they fainted cried almost there were happy that I did it without them having to ask. It made me happy that they were happy. But my arm still hurts though. Act of kindness #7 Category: Classmates/Friends Description of Act: Yesterday there was a friend at my rehearsal and she was crying and I asked her why she was crying and she responded to she felt uncomfortable and didn’t want to do something. I told her that she didn’t have to do anything that she didn’t want to and that she can talk to me anytime if she has any problems with anything or if she just wants to talk  and helped her back to rehearsal. Reflection: When I saw her crying I immediately went over and asked her what was wrong because I never like it when people are crying I like it when people are happy. I know and I was crying I would want someone to comfort me as well and that the cheapo uncomfortable with something even made it worse because no one should feel uncomfortable ever. When she was crying I felt like I just needed to help her in any way I could and so I talked to her and let her know that she can talk to me anytime because of space that I am free all the time and I just like to make peo ple feel better. She said she was happy that she had me as a friend and it made me feel all good inside will Act of kindness #8 Category: Classmates/Friends Description of Act: I spent some time with my friend when they were feeling lonely and they really needed some company. So I went over to the house and we played to videogames talked about politics and the world (not really we were just worrying about the ACT). We ate some stuff and had I had a really good time. Reflection: When my friend asked me to hang out I didn’t really feel like it but I didn’t want her to feel all alone and stuff so I got my butt over to her house as fast as possible and I hung out with her. She was really glad that I came over and I was glad that I came over to because to bored people make for a really interesting and weird time. Again I felt like a really good for spending some time with my good friend and the really nice to make someone feel better. Act of kindness #9 Category: Strangers/Random Description of Act: Today I was on a bus and I have going on I saw that the person behind me was viciously looking into her purse for money and for the life of her could not find it and I saw that in my purse I had an extra card for the bus that had one more ride on it. So I decided to give it to her so she can get on the bus because she really looked like she needed to get on the bus. So I did. Reflection: I’ve never had that before like when I don’t have any money on the bus and someone’s like â€Å"Oh here I’ll give you money here you go â€Å"but the bus driver usually just let me go so that’s pretty  nice. I felt like this one time I should at least help this lady out because this bus driver does not look like the type to give free rides and I’m pretty sure she really needs to be somewhere by the way she is tearing up that purse. When I gave her the bus card I think in her point of view there was like a gleaming light behind me and a choir singing because her eyes got huge and I think she was about to kneel before me but she said â€Å"Thank you so much†. I always have extra money on me because my mom is always scared that something terrible is going to happen to me so if you ever need money look for me. I felt like a hero after I gave her the money just without the Cape. Act of Kindness #10 Category: Strangers/Random Description of Act: Today there was a woman who looked like she was lost so I went up to her and asked her if she was having any trouble finding something and she was trying to find Lakeview which is lucky for her because I know exactly where that is. So I gave her directions to Lakeview. Reflection: Sometimes I get lost a lot and I mean a lot and I know that I should know where everything is in Chicago because I’ve been here since I was born so I’m a true Chicagoan but let’s face it I am not a true Chicagoan because I’ve never really been around Chicago a lot like my whole life. But this lady is a lucky because I know exactly where Lakeview is because I’m a student there of course not because I have my phone with me with a map in it. Preposterous! So anyways I gave her the directions and she was very thankful that I was there to save the day. I knew what I did was a really good and patted myself on the back and went on to do whatever I was doing th at day which is probably nothing.

Sport in the USA and Canada Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Sport in the USA and Canada - Essay Example By doing this, and as well taking into consideration any and all other key and related issues, we will not only be able to gain a more informed and knowledgeable understanding on both countries in terms of sport overall, but as well we will be able to see the similarities and differences that are present in this regards. This is what will be dissertated in the following. In both the United States and Canada sports are looked upon as being of great significance and importance, however one of the most major points that should be pointed out to begin with here is the fact that different sports are looked upon as being more important in each country. While hockey is the predominant sport in Canada, football and basketball are the predominant sports in the United States. Sports are a national pastime in both countries, and as well, professional sports are a sizeable business venture in both cases. In fact, professional sports are one of the largest and most powerful business ventures of all in both cases, particularly so in the United States, where more sports are more largely predominant. ... e United States has fifty states and basically a team from each state, Canada tends to only have a few teams for each sport, and thus this obviously narrows down the influence of Canada in sport overall in comparison to the United States. When we look at particular sports, such as hockey and curling, we automatically think of Canada before the United States, while when we think of baseball and football we tend to think of the United States first, and there is a big question surrounding this - why The answer is quite simple, and it is that the sport simply suits the overall culture of each country; Canada has a consistently colder climate and so sports such as hockey and curling are able to be played for longer durations throughout the year, whereas in the United States, where there is mild weather for most of the year throughout most of the country, they are thus then able to play more fair weather sports, such as baseball, basketball and football, for instance. The role and importance of sport in the United States is incredible, and athletes are actually looked up to by a lot of people more than any other media figure, they are respected that much. In fact, the influence that these athletes have on the lives of today's male and female youth in particular has been analyzed in various different studies, one in particular which was co-authored by a professor and which was conducted by two undergraduate students at the United States Sports Academy. "Athletes at the middle school, high school and junior college level were asked to rate the importance of sports in their lives and the likelihood of advancement in athletics as well as careers in sports. The two survey researchers, their professor and a third undergraduate analyzed the results of the survey and how they

How has geopolitics changed the end of WWII Essay

How has geopolitics changed the end of WWII - Essay Example 24, 1960). In 1904 H.J.Mackinder developed his ‘Heartland theory’ presenting the world divided in ‘World Island’ comprising Europe, Asia and Africa, peripheral island groups of Americas, Australia, Japan and the British isles, and the ‘Heartland’ laying at the center of ‘World Island’ from the Volga to the Yangtze and from the Himalayas to the Arctic. Regardless the large scale character of this theory, its belonging to the postulates of geographic determinism is undutiful. Since then, despite many differences mainly in the relative percentage of the geographical factor, a great number of authors from German, British and American schools, more or less, could be associated with geographical determinism. Even Kjellen, besides his political-philosophical concept of nation and state, favored the most restricted meaning of the term of ‘geopolitics’ – â€Å"Geopolitics is the study of the state as a geographic organism or pheno menon in space; that is land, territory, or, most pregnantly, as country [Reich].†(/Kjellen, Der Staat als Lebensform, p.46, 1917/ Kristoff, The origins and evolution of geopolitics, p. 25, 1960). Kjellen’s formulations have been used to a certain degree in Germany, by K. Househofer, who claimed: â€Å"...geopolitics shall and must become the geographic conscience of the state.†(/ Houshofer, K., et al. Bausteine zur Geopolitic, p.27, 1928/ Kristoff, The origins and evolution of geopolitics, p. 21, 1960). Drawn along by Kjellen’s comprehension of autarky as good and necessary (Kristoff, L.K.D., The origins and evolution of geopolitics, p. 26, 1960) and developed by the apologists of geographical determinism, the concept of ‘natural boundary’ and the akin in spirit one - of ‘harmonic state’, were largely used in Nazi Germany as well as in the rest of the world, as a milestone in determination of the

Reward Principles and Performance Management in Organisations Assignment

Reward Principles and Performance Management in Organisations - Assignment Example The researcher states that the primary objective of performance management is to develop capacity in terms of both abilities and required skills for employees to achieve the set targets in an organization. Further, it enables individuals within an organization to discover their full potential, which enhances excellent performance in their tasks within an organization. In addition, it aims at enabling non-performers within an organization to do what is required. Communication is also an important component in this area where management aims at ensuring proper and organized communication within an organization. Also, reward strategies should also be considered to ensure that the performing employees are rewarded in the right way in order to motivate them. Performance management implementation in organizations faces a myriad of challenges. They can be either internal or external; hence, it is the role of management to ensure that all these challenges are handled with immediate effect. F irstly, the process experiences integration issues within the organization. Communication and cooperation must be enhanced in all the departments that are involved in this system. In most cases, the culture that has been adopted by the employees within an organization always has an impact in these areas. This is because they are people involved in departments, which are expected to enhance the efficiency of the system in an organization. All systems within an organization must be harmonized to ensure the success and reliability of this system. This also comes in hand with design challenges within the system. In some organization, some of the tools, which are designed for the system, do not address immediate needs of an organization in this area. The heads of the departments involved are supposed to seek consultation from experts in the field of ICT and interact with colleagues from other organizations who have implemented a similar strategy within their organization and it has been successful.

Understanding and interpreting financial statements Essay - 1

Understanding and interpreting financial statements - Essay Example report on the financial performance of Siemens, a German high tech company by comparing it with that of Nokia, one of its competitors in the industry. The value and limitations of using ratio analysis would be evaluated and accounting issues that would surface would be discussed. Recommendation to potential investors on the basis of findings from the analysis would be made accordingly, To understand the profitability of the company would lead for further understanding the rest of company’s financial report. Every business organization should aim for profitability as a way to recovering is opportunity cost of doing its business. Profitability therefore implies having more a net advantage for every business transaction for the company. Thus generally as expenses are incurred which would represent the cost, there should be corresponding benefit in terms of revenues. Deducting expenses that include cost of goods and service, cost of operation, cost of taxes and other expenses from revenues would therefore mean profit or net income from the for the company. This net income figure could also be divided with the amount of resources that the stockholders put into the business organization, would produce the return on equity (ROE). Comparing the Siemens’ ROE with Nokia and the rest of its average competitors would provide betters results of and analysis. Its five-year average return on equity (ROE) of 14% for Siemens indicates better superiority about its past performance in relation to the industry average of 8%. See Table A below and see Appendix A for more details. Such a 14% return on equity definitely entices investors, as it would mean that for every 100 euros, the investors expect returns of about 14 euros. These rates could be viewed as something scarce for a company like Siemens given the present condition of the economy (Slavin, 1996) in Europe and other parts of the world which still shows very lower GDP growth as compared with the past. See also

Elements of US Culture Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Elements of US Culture - Essay Example Elements of US Culture In other words, for free expression of ideas, there is need of a proper social order. In addition, it can be said that allowing free expression of ideas helps reduce violence to a great extent. When people are allowed to opine publicly, they are less likely to resort to violence or armed agitation which, often, are the ways of the suppressed. Thus, the American society, from the very beginning, believes in liberalism including freedom of speech, freedom of press, equality under law, equality in all governmental provisions including education and health care. Though this freedom of thinking and expression resulted in better individual performance, and thus better overall growth, there are certain areas that witnessed a trend that is in sharp contrast to expectations and thus, having a negative impact on society. The first one among them is the family structure. Looking into the way American families have changed over these years, one can see a rather grim picture of situations. The tr aditional concept of family included a breadwinning father as the head of the family, a caretaking mother and a few children. mother and a few children. The family, in the traditional context, involved a number of basic relationships including biological, emotional, social, and economic relations. People used to turn to their families whenever they wanted physical, economic or emotional support. Thus, families acted as the basic institutions that passed culture and traditions to the future generations. However, the social changes in the twentieth century resulted in a lot of changes in the way families operate. Some such changes are active participation of females in the paid labor, medical advances resulted in effective birth control, and increasing divorce rates due to the general fall in morale. Though almost three quarters of American citizens still live in family setup, the nature of the family is totally different from that of a traditional one. Recent studies reveal that only less than one-tenth of families fit the traditional definition of family In addition, more than half of the families have no minor children; and yet another serious concern is that only twenty percent of total births are out of wedlock (Fraser 1989). Traditionally, women were raised to become dependent housewives and they did not work outside home. They were caretaking wives and the economic safety of the family was the total responsibility of the breadwinning husband. In sharp contrast, in the present generation, most females in the child-bearing age are employed. Yet another surprising trend visible is the decline visible in the employment rate of men. In addition, there are more grandparents than grandchildren for the first time in the history of America. The trend is pointing towards a social situation that is totally contradictory to the traditional concepts. Despite these shortcomings, America is looking forward to a bright future through technology and education. The present situation of education in America is rather grim. It is a tough task for the American youth to join a school or college as they have to go through the tiring task of proving why they are joining the school through essays, tests and recommendations. Furthermore, it is possible for Americans to judge the ethnicity and economic status of a student

Module 3 Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Module 3 - Assignment Example The last part of the paper will try to compare and contrast Tesco’s approach to inclusion and diversity with the key conclusions drawn by Bendick, Egan, & Lanier (2011) in their study. In the above mentioned study, Bendick, Egan, and Lanier (2011) mainly focus on investigating the claim that that employee diversity equips businesses to deal with diverse customers. Basically, Title VII of the federal Civil Rights Act of 1964 granted broad, enforceable rights to equal employment opportunity regardless of race, colour, religion, sex or national origin in a bid to end workplace discrimination. This move heralded the new dispensation in the practice of human resources management called diversity. Whilst all workplace inequities have not been completely removed, major strides have been made in this particular section to address issues related to employment discrimination on the basis of race, colour, creed and belief. Thus, the authors of the above mentioned research argue that empl oyers should provide equal employment opportunity in a bid to create a â€Å"business case for diversity.† The authors argue that workforce diversity can advance business objectives that are mainly related to issues of productivity and profitability in the organization. Which are basic tenets of any business. This brings us to the claim by the authors that employee diversity equips businesses to deal with diverse customers. According to the study, a diverse workforce offers access to a broader pool of potential employees, enables the organization to relate to diverse customers and it helps in creating a more productive work force. The authors make some of the key conclusions in their study and some of them are discussed below. They suggest that inclusion is the basic tenet that can lead to success of workplace diversity. This entails that the needs and interests of the employees are taken into account in as far as the operations of the organization is concerned. This helps to create share and mutual understanding among all the stakeholders involved in the operations of a particular organization. This can also significantly help to appeal to the interests of many customers who may be attracted to buy the products offered by the organization. The other key conclusion made by the authors of the above mentioned study posits to the effect that many companies often hire employees from different backgrounds due to the fact that they represent the tastes, sensibilities and interests of a wide range of people from diverse backgrounds. This is very important since it helps to attract sales from the operations of the organization which in turn translates into profitability. However, contrary to the key findings of a study by Syed & Kramar (2010) entitled ‘What is the Australian model for managing cultural diversity?’ it can be observed that the â€Å"legal framework in Australia places only limited obligations on organisations to manage cultural dive rsity.† As such, many organizations often lag behind in as far as diversity and inclusivity in the operations of the organization are concerned. According to this study, it can be observed that unless cultural diversity is tackled at multiple levels, managing diversity in the workplace may prove unrealistic unless concerted efforts are put by the government and organizations that specialise in different

Racial stereotype of young black males which lead to their death by Term Paper

Racial stereotype of young black males which lead to their death by shooting by people in authorities - Term Paper Example Black males are the hottest target for racial profiling, and thus, many young black males have been victims of racial profiling in the history of Africans in America. African-Americans have been victims of racial profiling since the trans-Atlantic slave trade in the 1850s. Why males of African descent face racial profiling in today’s American society is not simply a matter of expression of ethnic practices; rather, it goes back to the convoluted race and gender histories reflecting transformations in social and political processes, resulting in oppression that occurred in conflicting ways, and generated a system of white oppression and racial profiling (Johnson & Stanford, 2002, p.207). After the slaves got integrated into the American society, the Americanization created a new tension. This made them lose their traditional customs and practices, and they lost their identities in the new world. Examples include Sean bell and Travon Martin, who became victims of police brutality. Travon Martin was â€Å"the unarmed teenager allegedly killed by a neighborhood watch captain while walking home from a store† (Lee, 2012, para.1). Hence, racial profiling has become an American tradition, because black males have been targeted, shot, gunned down, punished, and tortured, just because of their race. Racial profiling is a social problem because it is giving disadvantage to black males in the community, which is a violation of human rights. If it continues, black males will have no place in the community, and they will go on suffering like inferior beings, becoming scapegoats for every crime and every illegal activity going on in the society. Supporters of racial profiling state that racial profiling is not an aspect of racism; because, it explains that someone is more likely to be a criminal if his appearance matches a particular race. However, even this definition has disadvantaged the blacks, since they have been

Birthday Party By Harold Pinter Essay Example for Free

Birthday Party By Harold Pinter Essay My group and I are working on a play called the Birthday Party By Harold Pinter. The work is set in 1960s. The scene we doing is about a man, names Petey returning home from some sort of morning to job to a boarding house where his wife, whos called Meg and is the owner, fusses around him. We start to see that this routine is very basic and a sense of this what they do every day. As the scene goes on Stanley comes in and plays quite a grumpy teenager. I play the part of Petey. At the time of this plays setting, men had more of a dominant role in society and the women didnt work much and did more of the housework. This could mean that the male characters in plays around this time were more dominate and women did more housework and just like Meg, fussed around their husband as he was the only source of income, this could influence Meg as being fussy and concerning over Petey. The war would have been less than two decades ago so that may influence the characters in plays. Meg maybe fussing around he husband because he was a war-hero influencing her to very proud and caring of husband, or maybe Petey only has a morning job because he is slightly injured, this could influence his physical expression. This is different from the text that we have studied called Abigails Party because was set in the 1970s where women had a more dominant role than in the 1950s. The women were more out-spoken and more free to work have more social activities. In Abigails Party there was a lot more conflict and more fiery action between characters unlike in the Birthday Party it was Meg said a comment, which Petey may of thought was stupid, Petey just answered simply in a slow pace and showed no motivation to want to speak. In Abigails Party when a comment was made that one of the partners didnt like to hear they either fought about it or gave a sarcastic comment to show their annoyance whereas in the Birthday Party I, Petey, just gave short simple unmotivated answers to a persistent and fussing Meg. The two plays showed different ways of coping with situations as throughout the scene we performed Petey showed boredom and Meg carried on being quirky, fussy and questionable, in comparison to that in Abigails Party they handled situations in a more sarcastic, and argumentative. The two plays are humorous on different levels. The Birthday Party is funny because of we can see Peteys clear boredom of having this conversation and routine, which we can tell is a daily thing he goes through. Megs stupid comments just to speak and engage with Petey and in cases, to know out side life, is funny to us because the questions are stupid like when hes just got the corn flakes and she asks if they are nice and he hasnt even tasted them. However, the two plays have similarities. Pinter and Leigh are both known for naturalism. The scene on Birthday Party I performed was very natural and realistic nothing out of the ordinary happened it was very simple and plain but it was easy to relate to which made it effective and the birthday party as too naturalistic and perhaps more modern and in the effect of couple arguing and women playing more dominate roles. However, the Birthday Party as it goes on turns out to be more absurd and super-natural. Both plays also have fussy and inquisitive women. Meg is very questionable to Petey and wanting to know things, Bev. Tries to keep the gathering shes got alive and wanting people to pay attention to her likewise to Meg wanting Peteys attention. The historical and social setting is fairly similar as the man in Birthday Party does seem to have the dominant role as Meg does everything for him cooking, washing etc. Contrastingly to when Angie says something against Tony, like he is argumentative or wont do something, he takes action by shouting or grabbing her hand. Angie stops and doesnt protest showing men still had some dominant role in the 70s. We are presenting our play as the audience in a semi-circle in one end of the studio and us performing in the other half of the circle. This allows the audience to be the third wall, which is very in the style of Pinter and Leigh. This can give the audience more of a role and part, its very soap like, which is naturalistic, just as the plays studied, are intended to be. We are using different techniques and styles of performing such as giving each character more or less just one characteristic and not changing the pace much. For example when I play Petey I kept the same tone and tired motivation to tell the audience that Ive been doing this for a very long time. For Meg she kept her fussing and questionable ways and when Stanley comes down he was more mellow and got the attitude of Ive got my wrapped round my little finger. We used symbolism in our play, for example my paper. When I played Petey, the paper was my only bit of something new for that day, everything else was the same predictable self but my paper, which Im though out the scene reading or holding, gives me salivation from Meg and the predictable ways. We are keeping the style very naturalistic. This is different from the other play as the characters pace changed very much through the play. At one time they would be talking and the next minute there would be an argument to change the pace and the mood in which all the characters felt. You never felt the characters would stay for long at one place whereas Petey stayed in the chair all the time and kept his pace the same except it did change sometimes. The other text (Abigails party) influenced our performance by making Meg a little more dominate and persistent for Peteys attention.

Canadian Model Of Occupational Performance Health And Social Care Essay

Canadian Model Of Occupational Performance Health And Social Care Essay Various literatures suggest different terminologies in occupational therapy depending on the school of thought. Hence, it is imperative to bring significance to underpinning words for the purpose of this assignment. National Health Service (NHS) define occupational therapy as the evaluation and treatment of physical and psychiatric conditions using definite and purposeful activities to prevent disability and encourage independent functions in all aspects of daily life (www.nhscareers.nhsuk, 2008). Occupational therapy is a discipline that assists people of all ages to achieve health and life satisfaction through improving their ability to carry out the activities that they need or choose to do in their daily lives (College of Occupational Therapists [COT] 2006a). Occupational therapists assess the impact of changes in motor function, sensation, coordination, visual perception, and cognition on an individuals competence to engage in daily life tasks. Intervention enhances involvement in meaningful roles, tasks, and activities; minimizes secondary complications; and provides training and support to the patient and caregivers. (Rowland, 2008) Occupational therapists concentrates on independence and function, persons goal setting, and their expert skills in task adaptation and environmental adaptation emphasize the professions contribution to stroke rehabilitation. (Rowland 2008) The fundamental intend of occupational therapy is predicated on occupational performance, it seeks to enhance health and well being of a person by limiting occupational dysfunction that is, when an individual is unable to articulate himself within his socio-cultural and physical environment because of illness, disability or lack of enabling skills indispensable for coping like the case of stroke in David. Background information on stroke The diagnosis established that David had stroke, an occlusion in the middle cerebral artery. Stroke is the third most common cause of death in the UK; an estimation of 150,000 people has stroked each year and approximately 30% of people dying in the month after a stroke and 67,000 deaths each year. It is also the greatest cause of severe disability, 35% of all survivors are significantly disabled and will need help with daily occupation (Department of Health, 2001; Office of National Statistics, 2001;British Hearth Foundation, 2005). The World Health Organisation (WHO) defines stroke as a clinical syndrome, of presumed vascular origin, typified by rapidly developing signs of focal or global disturbance of cerebral function lasting more than 24 hours or leading to death (WHO, 1978). The two broad causes are ischemia and haemorrhage. Ischemic stroke results from a blockage of cerebral vessel and can be further classified into thrombosis or embolism. Hemorrhagic stroke results from the rupture of a blood vessel. Blood is release out of the vascular space, cutting off pathways and leading to pressure injuries to brain tissue. It could be either intracerebral (bleeding into the brain itself) or subarachnoid (bleeding into an area surrounding the brain) caused by hypertension, arteriovenous malformation, or aneurysm (Batel, 2004). SYNOPSIS OF DAVID David, a senior fireman officer was born 45 years ago and had worked for 27 years on a fulltime basis. He collapsed at work 8 weeks ago and was diagnosed with a left Cerebral Vascular Accident (CVA) or stroke. A scan following his admission revealed an occlusion in the middle cerebral artery. He was restless and irritable, responding to command physically but no verbal response, and was unable to move his right upper and lower limbs. His blood pressure is 180/75, Blood NAD. Urine testing revealed a high level of sugar. He is a proud family man, married for 22years, extremely sociable with strong passion for football. APPLIED THEORTICAL MODEL A model is a simplified representation of a phenomenon that can account for certain data/relationships or a synthesised body of knowledge that links theory and practice(Finlay, 2004 p73). Model gives us a way to frame a persons problems and treatment (Finlay, 2004). Conversely, the theoretical direction on which these frames of reference are founded is not clear, this is why it is so complicated to follow their guiding principle to institute occupationally based practice (Ikiugu, 2004).   The Canadian Model of Occupational Performance (CMOP): Is employed to guide in Davids health needs because it will emphasis on occupational performance of David as a person, via occupation and environment, CMOP will critically analyse the components of Davids affective, cognitive, physical components and spirituality, the spirituality represent the inner strength that will allows David to keep functioning in the face of great challenges and adversity by engaging him in purposeful occupational activities, that influences his performance areas and bring about health and well-being within the context of adaptable environment fit for David. Client centred practice originally evolved in psychology. It combines with systems approach, environmental theory and research into flow by Csikszentmihalyi to provided CMOP with a broad interdisciplinary base of knowledge [1][3][4]. He buttresses on exploration of flow, the subjective psychological state that occurs when we are totally adsorbed in an activity. He found that flow state involves feeling good, exceedingly motivated and being in the zone. During flow, concentration can be so intense that there is loss of self-consciousness a transitory reprieve from ones worries; flow also promotes self -esteem, life satisfaction and the aptitude to cope with stress. This is contrary to the concept of occupational balance which is a more complex and holistic concept related to balance in life style and tasks. Balance is about the relationship between a person ,their occupations and their worlds.The models national development is a unique feature and so CMOP does not reflect the views of any one individual. However while some assume the model has no cultural bias and adaptation has been encouraged, little research has been conducted into the efficacy of its application in non western societies [10][11][12] APPLYING CMOP TO DAVID SELF CARE The initial process of occupational therapy assessment involves interviews with the David and his family to establish previously held life roles and the tasks and activities that were completed within these roles. Observational assessment is undertaken of personal self-care tasks, including showering, dressing, toileting, grooming, and eating, and domestic or instrumental tasks, including meal preparation, shopping, cleaning, laundry, and management of finances and medications. Establishing the level of assistance needed in each of these areas and Davids priorities will helps the occupational therapist target rehabilitation interventions appropriately and to measure progress towards Davids goals. Observation of activity limitations allows the occupational therapist to identify the impairments that underpin these limitations, including the motor, sensory and cognitive impact of stroke. (Rowland, 2008) PRODUCTIVITY Davis was a fulltime fireman fighter before the stroke assessment regarding return to work commences in the acute setting. The occupational therapist gathers a history of the patients occupation, i.e., job duties (frequency and duration) and work conditions (hours, environment, etc.). Using the results of assessment of the sensorimotor, cognitive, visual-perceptual, and psychological abilities of the patient, the occupational therapist with the help of vocational rehabilitation therapist will considers David feasibility of returning to work, also conduct a workplace assessment and negotiate a graded return to work hours an duties (Trombly, 2002). Leisure: David before the stroke engages in leisure activities he was a football fan and a football coach these are highly social activities that brings about his social inclusion. David derives joy, fulfilment relaxation, excitement, and stimulation. An occupational therapist will seek for ways to reengage him in these activities to enhance other areas of occupational performance. CLIENT CENTRED CMOP is propagates client centeredness which promotes interdependent collaborative relationship between clients and therapist, outcome measure enabling client to rate importance, performance and satisfaction with self -care productivity and leisure activities they need to, want to, or are expected to. Consequently, an occupational therapist together with David will formulate the following achievable outcome as long-term goals: David to gain increased somatosensory perception and will employ compensatory strategies order to perform ADL safely; David will gain strength, endurance, and control of movement in upper extremity in order to use this during performance of ADL due to the fact that he is presently unable to move his right upper and lower limbs. It also includes how David can improve motor planning ability in order to relearn old methods or relearn new methods of performing ADL. EVIRONMENTAL ADAPTATION Occupational therapist is more worried about how David will function effectively and independently in the home environment and to access the community. The occupational therapist will evaluate the need for a home assessment, taking into consideration the environmental barriers, specific impairments, risk of falls, and the needs of the patient/carer. The purpose of the assessment is to establish whether it is safe for David to return to their pre-stroke environment or see how the environment could be adapted to fit David.The assessment involves observing Davids ability to physically negotiate his environment and perform his usual activities. For instance, the occupational therapist may assess Davids ability to safely transfer from their bed or toilet, move on his wheel chair freely within the house, and cook within his kitchen OT APPLICATION TO STROKE The implications of stroke are extremely varied and may include difficulties in motor ability, perceptual-cognitive skills, emotional reactions and social functioning. Occupational therapists look beyond these health conditions and analyse the impact of an individuals specific pattern of component of problems on occupational performance (Molineux, 2004). For instance the left cerebral hemisphere, which is affected in the case of David, controls most functions on the right side of his body because of the decussating of motor fibres in the medulla. The stroke incidence in the case of David may produce symptoms discussed below: Vision and Visual Perception Stroke can also result in blind spot in the visual field usually on the right side to correct this, David will have to gain visual function or will employ compensatory strategies in order to resume previously performed ADL. Occupational therapists routinely screen for visual-perceptual impairments such as agnosia; visuospatial relations problems, eg, figure-ground, body scheme disorders, depth perception, and unilateral neglects, and impairments in constructional skills. [14] Other neurobehavioral changes, including praxis and acalculia, are commonly assessed in conjunction with visual-perceptual screening following a left hemisphere stroke. Occupational therapists will work on Visual and perceptual impairments in David by retraining in specific skills, teaching compensation techniques, substitution of unimpaired skills, or adapting the task or environment. [1] Methods will include visual scanning training [55] to assist David with a hemianopia or neglect to locate items more accurately within his house. The depth perception problems in David may be encouraged to hold the handrail for additional proprioceptive cues to safely negotiate stairs, as well as to pace themselves and go more slowly down a flight of stairs. The praxis condition of David [56] or motor planning problems affecting one upper limb may initially practice a range of remediation techniques involving feedback, cueing, and functional repetitive practice to overcome the impairment. If Davids impairment of the stroke-affected hand is resistant to remediation methods, the occupational therapist may teach Daivd to compensate by using the other, unaffected, upp er limb for tasks requiring greater precision such as gardening that he loves to do or washing his car, thus increasing the patients level of independence. Memory and Cognition The impact of the stroke on Davids memory, cognition, and executive skills can significantly affect his ability to participate in a rehabilitation program and to complete personal, domestic, leisure, and work-related tasks. [21] Difficulty in initiating regular tasks such as been a fire fighter, coaching his foot ball team, washing his car, gardening activities as he use to do before even socialising with the member of his community or preparing breakfast, or impulsiveness that poses safety risks for the individual are practical examples of the effects of these impairments. Sensory, Motor, and Upper Limb Function Occupational therapy interventions will address Davids changes in motor power, muscle tone, sensory loss, motor planning/praxis, fine motor coordination, and hand function, with the aim of regaining upper limb control and function. Daily upper limb movement facilitation and positioning, massage, elevation, and compression were employed to address muscle weakness and edema of the left upper limb. Education was provided for safety in the care of his arm and practical training in one-handed methods of completing daily tasks, including dressing, grooming, and eating. The occupational therapist will also assess Davids ability to plan, implement, and problem-solve tasks like making a simple meal, The OT may recommend the installation of grab rails in the shower and toilet, removal of a shower screen that limited safe access, purchase of a shower stool for seated showering as his balance remained impaired, and purchase of a lounge chair of a suitable height. Safely administering medications or prescribing a wheeled mobility tray for transporting meals and using the telephone to call for assistance. If David does not have the capacity to get out of bed, the occupational therapist trains family to safely operate an electric hoist or wheelchair. OT will continuously educate the patient and family members on the treatment program, this is essential for the smooth transition to his discharge. An occupational therapist will need to consult with a social worker to help David and his family apply for Medicaid or other support, establish if it is financially possible to consult others professionals. His cognitive impairment can be assessed during evaluation and treatment of occupational performance by focusing on the adaptive abilities of planning, judgment, problem solving and initiation. Depression is common with lesions in the left hemisphere as compared with the right hemisphere resulting in outbursts, anger or frustration when he cannot perform tasks that he was used to. These responses can further result in impaired personal interactions, inability to perform social and leisure activities or roles, and eventual experience social isolation. Emotional Counselling: Prior to Davids stroke, he and Helen both had clearly defined traditional roles in the family. One potential issue for the family unit, now that David is likely to require a long period of rehabilitation at home, will there be tension between him and Helen due to extreme role reversal? Have a full time worker and David believing that a man must be the breadwinner for his family. If not managed correctly, this tension could have repercussions on the childrens adjustment and could trigger feelings of guilt, isolation and resentment within Helen and Davids relationship. In order to avoid this, and to ensure maximum family unity, communication on coping strategies for the whole family is crucial. Openness between all family members about the severity of the illness, coping strategies, a were in this together attitude, adjustments to daily life and incorporating care into it are just a few things which will help quell feelings of anxiety, fear, depression and resent fulness. Therapeutic use of leisure could be employed to organise activities that provide social interaction, pleasure, entertainment, or diversion like taking for a football match, knowing well that David is very sociable and has great passion for football. Leisure is a medium through which a person is able to learn and rehearse a wide range of skills that will enable him to respond appropriately and adaptively in different situations. Conclusion To make available an activity to pass time or do a work out on a limb is not very complicated, but to facilitate an individual to engage in an activity that has purpose and meaningful for a client, and which help out in the improvement of performance skills, is the utmost art of the occupational therapist (Creek, 1998,p.27). Hence, an attempt has been made to focus on applying occupational therapy concepts, which is engagement of occupation and meaningful activities to enhance occupational performance as it relates to Davids health condition. Research has demonstrated that stroke survivors with a positive self-efficacy report higher quality of life and fewer depressive symptoms (Robinson-smith, 2002b). CMOP model was applied as relevant evidence base.

Women during the 1780s :: essays research papers

â€Å"Her name is Louise Pierce. She was born in 1770. She is able to perform all tasks around the house. Louise will be sold as a single slave today and I start bidding at five dollars.† That was the last thing Louise heard before my husband Thomas and I, Sarah bought her as our slave. Louise had no idea that she would be working a very low wage at all hours of the day. She was required to wake up at 6 am, prepare breakfast followed by doing the wash until lunch, which she prepared. After lunch, Louise was to clean the kitchen, run any errands of my choice and begin preparing dinner with myself. She usually stopped working around 9 pm, which is when Thomas and I would reside for the night. Although Louise was only 15, she was very smart and intuitive. She was able to sew, cook, clean, and manage our household very well for being so young. Louise had the potential to be a very smart young lady but unfortunately due to her skin color, she was not allowed to be educated. My husband Thomas is a very old fashioned man who believed in whites holding all the power in our nation. He would never see it in any other light. I think most of his oppression comes from fighting in the revolutionary war. He clearly showed his views through his actions towards our slaves. He would physically abuse Louise if she were to speak when she wasn’t spoken to or mess up on any sort of task. I never defended Louise but I felt her pain in my heart. I would not dare speak out against my husband. His views were my views and even If I felt different, I had no place saying it as nothing would come of it anyway. Thomas never wanted children. He is too selfish with his money. Our tobacco plantation is probably one of the best around our parts. Thomas isn’t exactly subtle when it comes to being humble about our money either. We are very well known as Thomas is a member of many political and social groups. We both attend church every Sunday in our best outfits and host dinner parties annually. Life wasn’t as grand as it looked on the outside. Thomas and I had different views on life. He was for slavery and white supremacy and I believed in equal rights for all human beings.

Janie and the Pear Tree in Their Eyes Were Watching God by Zora Neale H

Janie and the Pear Tree in Their Eyes Were Watching God by Zora Neale Hurston      Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   In Zora Neale Hurston's Their Eyes Were Watching God, the image of a pear tree reverberates throughout the novel. The pear tree is not only a representation of Janie's life - blossoming, death, metamorphosis, and rebirth - but also the spark of curiosity that sets Janie on her quest for self-discovery. Janie is essentially "rootless" at the beginning of her life, never having known her mother or father and having been raised by her grandmother, Nanny. Nanny even says to Janie, "Us colored folks is branches without roots and that makes things come round in queer ways" (Hurston, 16). Under a pear tree in Nanny's backyard, however, Janie, as a naà ¯ve sixteen-year-old, finds the possibilities of love, sexuality, and identity that are available to her. This image, forever reverberating in her mind through two unsuccessful marriages to Logan Killicks and Joe Starks, is what keeps Janie's spirit alive and encourages her quest for love and life. "It followed her throug h all her waking moments and caressed her in her sleep" (10). Under the pear tree on that spring afternoon, Janie sees sensuality wherever she looks. "The first tiny bloom had opened. It had called her to come and gaze on a mystery. From barren brown stems to glistening leaf-buds to snowy virginity of bloom. It stirred her tremendously" (10). Gazing across the garden... ...ots her memory, the blossoms her dreams, and the branches her vision. After each unsuccessful marriage, she waits for the springtime pollen to be sprinkled over her life once again. Even after Tea Cake's death, she has a garden of her own to sit and revel in. Works Cited: Appiah, K.A. and Gates, Henry Louis, Jr. eds. Zora Neale Hurston: Critical Perspectives Past and Present. New York: Amistad Press, Inc., 1993. Bond, Cynthia. "Language, Sign, and Difference in Their Eyes Were Watching God." Appiah and Gates 204-17. Hurston, Zora Neale. Their Eyes Were Watching God. New York: Harper & Row Publishers, Inc., 1990. Wright, Richard. "Their Eyes Were Watching God (1937)." Appiah and Gates 16.

The Second Most Powerful Man in Germany Essay -- Heinrich Himmler, Adol

Greed, covetousness, avarice, cupidity; these are what killed Heinrich Himmler, the second most powerful man in Germany to Adolf Hitler during World War II. As the second most feared man in the Nazi regime, (Smith) he could not handle just being the second most; he had to be the most powerful. Himmler was in charge of the SS, SA, SD, Gestapo, and eventually provisional president of the police of Munich. The Holocaust began in Germany in the early 1920s and ended in 1945. The Holocaust caused the death of 6 million Jewish people and 5 million non-Jewish people. At least 1.1 million of that 11 million were children. The SS (Schutzstaffel) was the secret police of the Nazis, Hitler’s bodyguard. By the end of the Holocaust, two thirds of the Jews from Europe were killed by these men. The SA, a force similar to the SS but much less authoritative, was originally led by Ernst Roehm, but Himmler persuaded Hitler to kill him. (Encyclopedia of World Biography) When Roehm was dead, Himmler took authority over his division. The Gestapo was the police force that was in charge of all of the camps. They worked in camps and took the lives of millions of prisoners in the camps that Himmler designed. Even though Himmler had so much power, he constantly wanted more and more, worrying that he would lose supremacy over these divisions, and relentlessly doing anything possible to become the number one most powerful man in this era. Heinrich Himmler was born on October 17, 1900 to the son of a Catholic school teacher. (Encyclopedia of World Biography) He was brought up as a devout Roman Catholic in a close middleclass family. He had two brothers, Ernst Himmler and Gebhard Ludwig Himmler, with Heinrich being the middle child. (Worth) ... ... Oxford UP, 2012. Print. Source G: Trueman, Chris. â€Å"Heinrich Himmler.† Heinrich Himmler. History Learning Site, n.d. Web. 29 Jan. 2014. Source H: â€Å"Heinrich Himmler (German Nazi Leader).† Encyclopedia Britannica online. Encyclopedia Britannica, n.d. Web. 30 Jan 2014. Source I: â€Å"Heinrich Himmler.† Encyclopedia of World Biography. 2004, â€Å"Himmler, Heinrich.† The Columbia Encyclopedia, 6th Ed. 2013, and â€Å"Himmler, Heinrich.† World Encyclopedia 2005. â€Å"Heinrich Himmler.† Encyclopedia.com Highbeam Research, 01 Jan, 2004. Web. 30 Jan 2014. Source J: Bessel, Richard. . Oxford: Oxford UP, 1987. N. pag. Print. Source K: â€Å"Love Letters of a Nazi Monster: Newly revealed private papers of death camp chief, Himmler, shows how he deluded himself. He was a ‘decent’ family man.† Mail Online. Associated Newspapers, Jan, 2014. Web. 30 Jan. 2014.

An Examination of Power and Politics in Organizations Essay

Abstract Many studies have examined the affects power and politics have on organizations. In researching The University of Phoenix’s Online Library and current web sites information shows that power and politics dominates the work place and organizations more than any other personal skill. In order to lead one must have power to influence, set and enforce rules. Politics are found in the majority of organizations, therefore it is crucial for employees to recognize the political game in their own organization and decide rather to participate and benefit from the positives of politics or not. An Examination of Power and Politics in Organizations Power and politics are dominating forces with in organizations. Organizations are lead by people with power. Power can be awarded by management to a person by title, â€Å"legitimate power† which is more formal and recognizable. Many leaders assume power through such things as knowledge, information or seniority. Through research located online and knowledge obtained from personal experiences a comparison was conducted on power and politics in organizations. The structure of a team is important in determining how the team will perform. Each team member should contribute skills to enhance the team’s overall performance. Individual work habits and leadership styles will determine if the team has the ability to join together and complete their common goals. Teams create environments that bring out the best in each team member. A commitment to effectively communicating information and ideas is a characteristic of an effective team. That is why the usage of coercion and politics to gain advantage over team members can be very destructive to team dynamics. Coercion is defined by the Oxford English Dictionary is to force one to act or think in a certain manner, to dominate, restrain, or control by force. Often at work or in a group environment one might utilize this form of power to control dominance  over the group. This usage of power can often make other team members conform. In a successful team conformity is not a useful tactic. The usage of politics and coercion to gain advantage over team members is a danger to the success of the project. Once team members realize that their input is not wanted more than likely they will withdraw from the process altogether. The USA today states, â€Å"offices dynamics often change from the usage of intimidation†. (2004) For example a team must work together to process information for the desired results. Once a member takes advantage of a situation and use coercion to gain advantage it often leads to disaster. An example of such disaster happened recently within our team. A couple classes ago we had a member that was an extremely dominant person. The person was very smart and well educated but had a problem understanding the syllabus. Everybody in the team would understand the group assignments one way but she would always play devil advocate on the simplest details. She would use coercion to gain advantage over the other team members when we would meet to complete group assignments. The entire team was guilty of just going with the flow, not wanting to cause any problem. She was so convincing we felt she had to be correct! The result was a low grade, because the content was not correct. So the team from that moment on did not allow that dominant personality use politics and power to manipulate the group any more. Organizational Behavior Ch. 15 pg. 3 defines power through information as; Information power is the access to and/or the control of information. It is one of the most important aspects of legitimacy. In the majority organization the person with the information controls the manner in which the company operates. Expert power is the ability to control through the possession of knowledge, experience, or judgment that the other person does not have but needs. This source of power is often used by subordinates. Judson, P. stated in Worldwide Energy â€Å"although there are several directors and managers to organizations the experts of the business actually controls progress.† In the public works and engineering department there are several directors and managers. Hierarchical authority has put several rules, guide lines and manuals together through information they obtain for employees to  follow when completing tasks and goals. Supervisors and employees who actually work in the field have the knowledge and experience; therefore tasks are completed in a different manner than the manuals implement. The knowledge subordinates obtain through actually doing the work gives them more power and control in decision made about the organization. Politics are in all organizations and employees are affected in some way by politics. As stated in by Schermerhorn, Hunt and Osborn, â€Å"any study of power and influence inevitably leads to the subject of â€Å"politics.† â€Å"For many, this word may conjure up thoughts of illicit deals, favors and special personal relationships.† Although these actions are considered negative by the observer, the organization and the recipients view politics as positive. Organizations use politics to influence employees through promotions and rewards. The City of Houston Public Works and Engineering Department mainly promotes from with in the organization. This is a positive showing by management, because employees feel effort are rewarded. When you think of power and politics rarely are these images positive or inspiring. Corporate American today has fallen far from the one time logic that rewards are based simply on individual performance. Today more rewards are based on the managements need for power. This ability, power, to have someone else do something in the way you want it done and the precise time you need it done is an overwhelming and influential force. There are several types of ruling powers that are used in today’s businesses. Perhaps, the most preferred by employees is known as the Reward Power. The Reward Power enables a manager to express their appreciation to an individual or group for a job well done by offering the employee or team members a bonus. Such pleasantries can be in the form of a pay increase, personal praise, or advancement within the company. Unlike the Coercive Reward, probably the most disliked by associates, is a system in which the person in charge uses punishment to rule. Examples of such authority could be the withholding of merit increases, denying a promotion, or even termination. Powers such as these are key elements to leadership success. Unfortunately, they seem to represent the seamy side of management (Schermerhorn, 2003). There are other powers used in organizational structures, such as legitimate, process,  informational and representative. These power all vary in pattern, however, none are as contrasting as the Reward versus Coercive Power. How do these managers gain this power? Some might believe that office politics and networking are major components. The saying â€Å"it’s not what you know, but who†, does not stand truer than in today’s corporate environments. An example of â€Å"networking† took place a couple of years ago in our department. At the time of this occurrence, Sam was a Financial Administrator for the West Region. He held a reputation for one of the best managed financial divisions. It seems that Sam had built a special friendship with the Sales manager for that region and he would do allow special payments or exceptions for his market without proper documentation to help his numbers increase. These ‘favors’ were soon shared with other salespeople from other markets, and Sam immediately became best of buddies with everyone. A few months later a position for a supervisor was opened and Sam immediately recruited his comrades to assist him in assuring this new posi tion. His use of political power and networking is a prime example of the self absorbed need for dominance in today’s managers. Ethical Persuasion and Legitimate Power can have a strong impact on teams, management and others alike. First, let’s look at the definition of ethical persuasion and legitimate power. Ethical persuasion is behavior that is morally accepted as â€Å"good† and â€Å"right† (Schermerhorn, gloss, pg. 6). Legitimate power is the extent to which a manager can use the â€Å"right of command† to control other people (Schermerhorn, gloss, pg.12). Ethical Persuasion is very different from legitimate power because when a manger is demanding that you complete a task, the task may not always be ethical. Each one of these behaviors can affect a team in many ways. For example, a management team is assigned a task that involves investigating an employee’s work history to locate any negative infractions or practices in order to terminate the employee. In the investigating process you learn that this person is a single-mother barely able to feed her two children. However, the company cannot afford to keep her for financial reasons and needs to lay her off. There are five members in the management team that are working on this case and three of them are females, these ladies do not feel that they are  displaying ethical behavior and refuse to have anything to do with dismissing this single mother. In reality this woman has done nothing wrong, she was just the last one hired. In the meantime the CEO hears about the moral conflict and he gets very upset with the team members disobedience. Consequently, the CEO calls a meeting to let the management team know that he is the head of the company and team will do as he says whether they like it or not. If the team do not do as they are told, then they can give the single mother their positions because they will no longer be needed. In this situation the CEO is clearly using legitimate power, which is definitely not ethical; however, it is a job that still has to be done. Therefore, ethical behavior and legitimate power can and will eventually affect a management team. More often than not legitimate power will overrule ethical behavior. In conclusion research has proven sources of position and personal power, such as expert, information, reward, coercion and legitimate are used by employees to control, persuade and influence people and organizations. Politics are more commonly used by management to control and influence organizational behavior. Both politics and power have positive and negative affects on employees, organizations and communities. References Lindsey, L. B. (2004, July 14) Office Dynamic; Retrieved August 26, 2004 from University of Phoenix, EDSCO Host database, Website http://phoenix.edu//libraryresource Stum, D.L. Strategy and Leadership. Maslow Revisited. Building the Employee Commitment Pyramid Volume 29. University of Phoenix Custom Edition. Retrieved August 25, 2004, from ProQuest database. Judson, P. (2004) Advantages of Experts; Worldwide Energy. Vol. 15 Issue 8 p3. abstract retrieved August 28, 2004, from EBSCOhost data base Schermerhorn, J.R., Hunt, J.G. & Osburn, R.N. (2003) Organizational Behavior New York: John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Ch. 15 Power and Politics Pg 2-3

Into The Gorge: A Spiral of Decline toward Loss

Into The Gorge: A Spiral of Decline toward Loss Into The Gorge: A Spiral of Decline toward Loss â€Å"Jesse stood on his porch and looked east toward Sampson Ridge, where bulldozers razed forests and grazing land for another gated community† ( Rash 18 ) . If one were to cut down Ron Rash’sInto the Gorgedown to one markedly important transition, this would be among the campaigners. It presents an image of commercialisation from the eyes of Jesse, a adult male who was raised to esteem the land. It besides marks a tangible passage for Jesse as he unwittingly conforms to his milieus.Into the Gorgenowadayss a narrative of loss. Get downing with the loss of Jesse’s great aunt and finally stoping with the loss of his ain life, or so the reader is to assume. This subject represents the spiral of diminution that ensues in a society that abuses and disrespects the land for intents of pecuniary addition. Into the Gorgeclears with a beautiful word picture of Jesse’s great aunt. The reader really rapidly becomes affiliated to her, about to the point of misidentifying her as the supporter in the narrative. She is aligned with a harmonious life with an about calm aura about her while being profoundly connected to the land and its seasonal rhythms ; she â€Å"could state you to the hebdomad when the first cornel flower would lighten up the ridge, the first blackberry darken and swell plenty to harvest† ( Rash 17 ) . But so she had lost her head and â€Å"with it all the people she knew, their names and connexions, whether they still lived or whether they’d died† ( Rash 17 ) . But despite this the reader is told in the really following paragraph that â€Å"The cognition of the land was the one memory that refused to dissolve† ( Rash 17 ) . Jesse’s grandaunt would go on to hoe her Fieldss every twenty-four hours until the twenty-four hours of her de cease, when she wandered off into the forests to vacate herself to the one invariable in her life, the one love that refused to fade out, a â€Å"final stepping down of everything she had one time been, † a surrendertothe land ( Rash 26 ) . The decease of Jesse’s grandaunt has in consequence begun the spiral of diminution toward an overall neglect for the necessity of the renewing of the land. The reader is told that â€Å"after her decease neighbours shortly found topographic points other than the gorge to run and angle, garner blackberries and galax†¦When the park service made an offer†¦Jesse’s male parent and aunts had sold†¦Now, five decennaries subsequently, Jesse stands on his porch and looked eastward†¦where bulldozers razed forests and grazing land for another gated community† ( Rash 18 ) . As antecedently mentioned, the loss of Jesse’s grandaunt seems to hold caused, at least for Jesse and his immediate milieus, a loss of a regard for the land. As the narrative takes the reader through Jesse’s foremost and successful effort at reaping the ginseng we are told, â€Å"Afterward, he’d carefully replanted the seeds, done it merely as his male parent had done, so walked out of the gorge, past the Fe gate that kept vehicles off the logging route. A xanthous Sn marker nailed to a nearby tree said US Park Service† ( Rash 18 ) . Here the reader gets a split image ; Jesse replants the seeds â€Å"just as his male parent had done† old ages ago ( Rash 18 ) . There is a sense of regard for the land and the cyclic nature of nature, which is besides represented in the generational lessons of planting and replanting passed down from male parent to boy. However, there is besides a really explicitly painted image of development. The workss that Jesse ha s harvested and so replanted are within the boundaries of the land which the authorities uses for logging. This land has been transformed into a commercialised operation in order to untangle any and all pecuniary value from it. Furthermore, there is a parallel image in this xanthous mark. A blazing neglect for nature is nailed to the tree by manner of a US Park Service mark, nevertheless in the predating paragraph it says â€Å"back so, the forests had been communal,No Trespassingmarks an affront†¦Ã¢â‚¬  ( Rash 18 ) . The forests had been a topographic point of community and friendly relationship and invitation, any effort to interrupt apart this public into personally claimed belongings was seen as an abuse to the corporate. But now, non merely is the land sectioned off into countries of unpermitted districts, but these countries are being used explicitly to work the land for pecuniary addition. This loss of a regard for the cardinal significance that the land has is somethi ng that Jesse seems to be troubled by, yet it is something he himself can’t isolated off from. The lone ground he is out reaping the ginseng in the first topographic point is to acquire money. He doesn’t love the act of reaping and replanting, he hasn’t even had any exposure to the land in this regard since his grandaunt passed, five decennaries earlier. What’s more, he doesn’t needfully even need the excess money. The storyteller says â€Å"his house and 20 estates were paid for, as was his truck. The baccy allocation earned less each twelvemonth but still plenty for a widowman with adult kids. Enough every bit long as he didn’t have to travel to the infirmary or his truck throw a rod. He needed some excess money put away for that. Not a million, but some† ( Rash 18 ) . Albeit he isn’t a money hungry corporate executive who has wholly disregarded the verve of nature. But he is however reaping the land for one ground and one gr ound entirely: money. This disconnected image of working and fostering the land represents an even further diminution, as a society, toward the commercialised corruptness of the land. The narrative comes full circle at the terminal as Jesse â€Å"waited† in the forests merely as his grandaunt did before she died. In this minute he thought of his grandaunt and paralleled himself to her as his waiting was â€Å"a concluding stepping down of everything†heone time was. However, it’s non merely a pure and symmetrically sound stoping ; the usage of the word â€Å"abdication† has a dual entendre underlying it. In respects to Jesse’s grandaunt, it has a meter of a dignified release of her life and everything that she lived for. Not needfully the instance for Jesse, for him it seems to take on a different significance wholly. It is Jesse’s chance to fly from the forfeiture of artlessness that his life has culminated to. Jesse recognizes his loss of artlessness, his loss of self-respect, but it is merely when he attempts to travel back to being in melody with the land that he comes to this realisation ; â€Å"Jesse shifted his orga nic structure so his face turned downhill, one ear to the land as if listening for the faintest footstep. It seemed so incorrect to be 68 old ages old and running from person. Old age was supposed to give a individual self-respect and respect† ( Rash 22 ) . In this minute Jesse acknowledges his loss of regard, a regard which has been neither received from others nor given by himself. The consequence of this self-fulfillment is his â€Å"waiting† at the really terminal. A bi-laterally asymmetrical stoping to the gap. One can follow though this narrative the slow diminution toward a society which does non foster the land, but instead relies on it for the here and now. The reader is left gyrating down along with Jesse as the plot line moves from the loss of Jesse’s grandaunt, to the commercializing of his hometown, to Jesse’s ain selfish aims with the land, and eventually to Jesse’s realisation of his conformance which finally leads to his decease. This spiral is a representation or a possible warning to the effects of a commercialized society which exploits the land: there is a natural and unconditioned diminution when 1 refuses a fear to the land. This refusal leads to inside turned desires, which leads to capitalistic inclinations and the commercialisation of the land—extricating it for all that its worth—which will finally take to the decease of those who were one time respected, and who in bend irradiated it back.

Good and Bad Stress

As is the case with most people, a stigma is carried with the perception that asking for help is a sign of weakness. So much so is this fact that people have taken their own lives, before doing so. This is a universal problem that, to date has no solution. The prevalence of this problem is so severe education has been enforced almost to a mandatory level. Organizations have made suicide prevention training as such a part of the Job now that it almost seems routine.As with soldiers that are expected to operate in high stress environments, so are officers and the risk of the pressure becoming too much is always there. An Organization known as SAVE (Suicide Awareness Voices of Education) has dedicated its mission to prevention and education, as we now know that one of the biggest defenses we have to this horrible problem is an educational offense. Knowledge is power. We need stress. Our bodies endure stress everyday and a certain amount of stress is healthy.It is once we endure more tha n we can perceptively handle that the risk of suicide becomes prevalent. Most individuals in high stress professions excel under certain stressful situations, yet another reason that it takes a certain type of person to be able to handle the demands of police work, but every person is different and their body reaction to stress may be more severe. It is here that we see a stigma arise, in that an individual sees a counterpart that handles certain situations differently and perceptively better than they themselves creating a feeling of inadequacy.It is because of perception that so many lives are lost due to this not so silent killer. Page 3 of 4 No singular definition can be used to pinpoint a definition for stress, but we are certain that â€Å"good† stress is known to be helpful. It's the bad stuff that we have to look out for. In the past, law enforcement suicides often were ruled accidental deaths, and they are still underreported, Dandies says. â€Å"Most of us agree th at the statistics are probably much higher than we actually know, because of the shame factor. † (http://Saturday's. Saturdays. Com)If those in need of help would look past the stigma of weakness associated with getting help would we see a decrease in these senseless losses? Of course! â€Å"†These folks are taught to suppress their emotions and soldier forward,† says Elizabeth Dandies, a psychologist who works with California police agencies in the aftermath of suicides. â€Å"It's very difficult for them to admit they need help. † And I agree. I myself served five years as an Army PM and had to sit through countless hours of Suicide Prevention Training and memorizing a mantra using an acronym ACE.Ask your buddy Care for your buddy Escort you buddy Did I encounter individuals that could've benefited from counseling and refused to go?

Bedside Shift Report Essay

Policies and procedures are review, revamp and implement constantly in health care facilities to ensure safe patient care is being deliver. Effective communication is a critical part in providing safe patient care. Usefulness communication is essential during shift report in order to provide safe care and meet goals for the patient. There is a trend where hospitals are bringing shift report to the bedside in order to improve the effectiveness of communication between the nurses. At Kaiser Santa Clara, the facility I currently work at, has a standard policy and procedure regarding the handoff communication during shift change, according to the policy the two nurses are to review information that is standardized to the following: †¢Diagnoses and current condition of the patient †¢Medications given or due †¢Isolation status †¢Recent changes in condition or treatment †¢Anticipated changes in condition for treatment †¢What to watch for in the next interval of care The purpose of the policy is to provide an interactive dialogue that allows for up-to-date information on the patient’s care. The policy is referenced to the Joint Commission-mandated focus on improving patient safety through effective caregiver communication. According to the Joint Commission, as estimated 80% of serious medical errors are attributable to miscommunication between caregivers when transferring responsibly for patients (Wakefield, Ragan, Brandt & Tregnago, 2012). Shift report happens two, three, or more times in a day, but nurses receive little formal training in this vital responsibility. Nurses may be found legally liable for failing to report necessary information during handoffs (Riesenberg, Leitzsch, & Cunningham, 2010). Therefore, it is imperative for a handoff procedure incorporate an effective way to communicate in order to provide safe patient care. Review of the Literature Traditionally, shift report has been performed away from the bedside either at the nurse’s station or outside of the patient’s room where patient  information is exchanged in an informal way varying from nurse-to-nurse. According to Laws and Amato, information provided, and the actual status of the patient were two different stories when the on-coming nurse came into the room to assess the patient after shift report (2010). Shift report often lack care planning and goals for the shift; these issues often leave the nurses with incomplete data to provide patients with the best possible care (Baker, 2010). Numerous studies and articles have been written in how to improve shift report to coincide with the Joint Commission national patient safety goals, there seems to be an array of information on facilities transition to bedside report, as in giving shift report right next to the patient’s bed. At the University of Michigan Hospital and Health Center, a quantitative study was conducted to improve the practice of nursing shift-to-shift report by taking it to the bedside. Over a six month period, a group of nurses were observed during shift change to determine how the implementation of bedside reporting was being received by the nurses and patients. The results collected between the observation and a brief questionnaire filled out by the nurses, showed that there was a decrease in report time from 45 minutes to 29 minutes due to that nurses that did not have the privacy of socializing at the nurses station, which decreases crucial time to give a report on a patient. Nurse satisfaction with report process increased from 37% to 78% when moved to the bedside because nurses could give and receive much more accurate handoff without distractions. An intervention to relocate shift report to the patient bedside resulted in improved satisfaction for nurses and increased direct care ti me to patients (Evans, Grunawalt, McClish, Wood, & Friese, 2012). A critical care quality committee at Regions Hospital in St. Paul, Minnesota, was concerned with an audit that showed 39% of medication errors were found after shift report. This evidence supported the development and strength for bedside report. A qualitative study was conducted by surveying the 69 nurses on two different critical care units. The report’s finding indicated improved communication at the bedside along with allowing the nurses to double check on the intravenous medications that were being  administered to the patient. 84.2% of the nurses felt they were more confident about their report when giving it at the bedside because it gave them an opportunity to provide objective information versus subjected information on the patient (Triplett & Schuveiller, 2011). However, through-out the article there was no information regarding if the 39% of medication errors decrease after the implementation of bedside report. There was a mentioned that 55% surveyed did find errors at the bedside during report; however it was not discussed how these errors were addressed. Overall, bedside report has significantly affected nursing practice in a beneficiary way by nursing staff (Triplett & Schuveiller, 2011). In an effort to improve patient satisfaction, an inpatient nursing unit in a Midwest academic health center made a decision to bring shift report at the bedside. A quantitative was conducted by surveying inpatients and 32 nurses on a step-down unit. A yes or no survey was given to the inpatients regarding the quality of the report that was given at the bedside, and 72% were satisfied with the information that was exchanged between the nurses (Wakefield, Ragan, Brandt & Tregnago, 2012). Following the implementation of bedside report there was a significant increase in patient satisfaction scores. While scores improved, transition to the bedside was not well received by nurses. Data collected showed that nurses were not following the new process of bedside report. 60% of the nurses did not do report at the bedside, however decrease by extensive planning, training and gradual implementation (Wakefield, Ragan, Brandt & Tregnago, 2012). The studies strikingly prove that effective communication at the bedside provides safe patient care that has been well received by patients and nurses in most cases. The research proved that bedside report offered several benefits such as an increase in the following: †¢Nurse-to-nurse accountability †¢Patient satisfaction scores †¢Quality of care ratings †¢Patient safety scores (Wakefield, Ragan, Brandt & Tregnago, 2012). Description of the Process There is a considerable amount of information and studies that support bedside reporting. Bedside reporting has shown to increase patient participation and satisfaction, increase nursing teamwork and accountability, and most importantly improve communication between nurses. Kaiser Permanente prides themselves as being innovated in the health-care industry and keeping patients satisfaction scores high. Based on evidence, Kaiser could continue reach their goals by modifying their shift report policy to incorporate bedside report. In order to modify or implement a new policy, the process seems straight forward with Kaiser; there is a protocol that allows the policy to be handled by the appropriate committee group. For changes in handoff communications, I would have to approach the director of patient safety with my recommendations based on evidence, and then this information is turned over to the nursing policy and procedure committee for review, which then is approved by Chief of Nursing or Services. Why bedside report? Sounds simple, but many nurses are set in their ways and may be resistant to this new technique for number reasons. Let it be known, not only does evidence show that bedside report brings patient safety, it always brings ownership and accountably among the staff. Bedside report allows an opportunity for real-time conversations and transfer of trust of patient care in front of the patient. A clinical nurse leader (CNL) would play in a vital role in seeing the implementation goes smoothly among the nurses. A CNL can help the process by making sure the staff is engaged by providing the appropriate knowledge on how the system is going to be implementing, along with the evidence that supports this new change. The key to successfully implementing bedside report is clearly defining the role of the nurses, standardize what is communicated, and allow for time for the patient’s input. A CNL can follow up on the success of the implementation by rounding on the patients and nurses for feedback and  reporting back to nurses with opportunities or wins, which allows the nurses know how they are doing. In conclusion, it has been provided by evidence based information to show that bedside report is a win-win situation for both the nurses and patients and meets the patient safety goals for Joint Commissions.

Benefits of and problems with information, entertainment and Research Paper

Benefits of and problems with information, entertainment and communication technologies - Research Paper Example Print. Powell, John, Lee Gunn, Pam Lowe, Bart Sheehan, Frances Griffiths, and Aileen Clarke. "New Networked Technologies and Carers of People with Dementia: An Interview Study." Ageing and Society 30.6 (2010): 1073–1088. Cambridge University Press. Print. Price, Monroe, Susan Haas, and Drew Margolin. "New Technologies and International Broadcasting: Reflections on Adaptations and Transformations." Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Science, 616.1 (2008, March): 150–172. Public Diplomacy in a Changing World. Print. Riemer, Kai, and Stefan Klein. "Is the V-form the Next Generation Organization? An Analysis of Challenges, Pitfalls and Remedies of ICT-enabled Virtual Organizations Based on Social Capital Theory." Journal of Information Technology, 23 (2008): 147–162. Print. Williams, Peter. "Using Information and Communication Technology with Special Needs Students: The Views of Frontline Professionals." Emerald Publishing Group. Aslib Proceedings: New Information Perspectives 57.6 (2005): 539–553.

A Defence of Heritage Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

A Defence of Heritage - Essay Example Conversely a property or estate may also be inherited, and even a title can be inherited: According to wordnetweb.princeton.edu/perl/webwn. IMPORTANCE OF HERITAGE The whole world is divided into countries. People from all these countries and different ethnic backgrounds have their own story to tell. Everyone has their own past with them which plays a huge role in determining what they are today. Similarly just like the past of all these individuals every country has a past too. A country’s history starts getting written from the very day that it is created. Every decision that is taken after that becomes a part of the history of that country. This history after a few years becomes known as the heritage of that country. The heritage of a country automatically gets attached to its citizens or the people living in it. This Heritage is the representation of the people of their respective countries. Without heritage a country would be nothing but reduced to a mere name. It is this heritage that tells us about the ancestors of the people living in a country. It acts like a silent introduction of the nationals of that country. The heritage of a country determines its true standing in the world. Wherever people go or travel in the world, their names do not remain the true representatives of their identities but instead it’s their nationalities which become the true representative of the identity of individuals once they leave their country. These nationalities wouldn’t mean much if it wasn’t for the rich heritage of their respective countries attached to them. Every country irrespective of its size has a fascinating and rich heritage. The heritage of a country gives away enormous information about the kind of people living there. It is through heritage that countries are known throughout the world. Countries like Britain which have a very rich heritage are well known throughout the world and their citizens respected. Heritage shapes the imag e of a country and its popularity. Hence this lays even more importance on the fact of knowing about the heritage of their country by its citizens or nationals. It is through this knowledge that the citizens of a country can truly feel proud of their country and know of the achievements and potential of their people. Countries that do not honour or care about their heritage and do nothing to preserve it are lost in the pages of history and time just like they lost their heritage and did nothing to protect it: According to Alison Hems, Marion R.Blockley(2006). ECONOMIC PERSPECTIVE A great way of letting people know about the heritage of a country is through tourism. There are many structures and vehicles etc which may be of great historic value and contribute tremendously to the heritage of a country. A country like Great Britain for example has many castles and ships which are of particular value and serve as great assets to the heritage of Britain. These structures or assets not on ly provide the richness of heritage to the country but they are also used as great tourist destinations or spots. This reaps tremendous benefits and advantages to Britain. Firstly, it attracts a large number of tourists every year which bring with them a lot of foreign exchange or currency into the country. Then this also acts as a great industry. The tourism industry provides a lot of jobs to the people of the country and serves as the livelihood or bread and butter of all these individuals and their families. Today when the economic situation is so bad everywhere around the world and there is a financial crunch, jobs are being cut and more and more people are getting unemployed all around the world, a country must stretch all its resources and options to provide employment and jobs to their people so that they can earn their