Benefits of Breastfeeding Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Benefits of Breastfeeding - Research Paper Example (Brown and Isaacs, 2007, p.166) Last few years have witnessed that people now are becoming increasingly aware of the need to change our lifestyles drastically in order to lessen the existing pressures on environment and the available stock of natural resources. One of the most ignored issues, with respect to the health of our mother nature, is probably breastfeeding. Breast milk is one such food item which is not only renewable natural resource and is highly beneficial for the child, but also non-polluting. It does not even require any other natural resources and can be directly fed to the child. On the contrary, the artificial baby food not only pollutes the environment but also depletes the existing stock of natural resources. Statistics show that every year, 1.5 million babies die because of it and many suffer from ill health. Therefore, whether a mother should breast feed her child or not is not only a lifestyle issue but a health, social and environmental issue. (Correa) Body se ction One: Importance of Breast Feeding This section describes the importance of breast feeding in ensuring the healthy development of the child. These articles enumerate that it is important for the mothers to breast feed their child help him grow healthily and also to reduce the medical cost of the family. If bottled milk is replaced by breast milk, this would also reduce the medical expenses of the families. In D Michels’s article titled â€Å"Mother Nature Loves Breast milk†, the author has stated â€Å"If every child in America were bottle-fed, almost 86,000 tons of tin would be needed to produce 550 million cans for one year’s worth of formula.† (Environmental Benefits of Breastfeeding, 2011) The problem with bottle feeding, other than the health issues, is that the bottles, nipples, silicon, glass etc. required for bottle feeding are resource-intensive and to make the matters shoddier, they often lead to non-recyclable and non-biodegradable end pro ducts. Moreover, tests have shown that many of the top brands of baby foods contain some genetically modified components. Even the cows, whose milk is used to prepare these artificial foods, are injected with growth hormones so that more milk is produced. Therefore, these growth hormones also find their way into these baby foods. Mother’s milk, on the other hand, are neither genetically modified nor contaminated by growth hormones, and is therefore healthier for the babies. Mother’s milk also gets absorbed more easily in comparison to formula, as a result of which lesser excretion takes place. (Environmental Benefits of Breastfeeding, 2011) Another matter of rising concern in today’s time is the rising cost of treatment. In the year 2009, the United States had spent around 17.6% of the GDP of the nation, which accounts to $2.5 trillion, on health care. It is becoming increasingly difficult for the authorities and government alike to curb this rising cost. In thi s light, the authorities have stressed on the importance of breastfeeding exclusively for the first 6 months and then continuing it for the next year or two as a part of healthy diet. This will reduce the risk of diseases for the lifetime of the children and also their mothers, as a result of which, a healthier society will emerge. (Gutowski, Walker & Chetwynd, 2010, pp.2-3) Body Section Two: The Nutrition Value of Breast Milk The articles in this

Techniques For Providing Water To Arid Regions An Environmental Sciences Essay

Techniques For Providing Water To Arid Regions An Environmental Sciences Essay Introduction About 30% of entire worldwide land area includes populated arid and semi-arid areas. The major obstacle to socio economic development in these areas is Water shortages. The essential ideology for the allocation of water resources are effectiveness, equity, and sustainability, with the endeavor of give the utmost advantage for society, environment and economy, at the same time as to maintain reasonable allocation amid various areas and people. Sustainable economic development in arid and semi-arid areas relies a lot on sustainable water resource management. The lucid allocation of water resources needs a multifaceted balance between demand and supply, in various economic sectors particularly athwart sub-areas in arid and semi-arid climate areas. Regional development planning needs to incorporate economic objectives with issue including historical, technological, and natural resource constraints. Jointly, these factors effect populace distribution, economic structure and prototype of ecology and therefore, the extent of water distributed for these purposes in arid and semi-arid areas. Regional community, economic and ecological dissimilarity necessitate special sustainable development strategies in province of water scarcity. This study assesses the feasibility of different techniques for providing fresh water to arid regions of the world. Background Brisk industrialization, urbanization, and population growth in arid countries are wielding rising pressure on local water authorities and water planners to gratify the emergent urban water demand. Since accessibility of conventional sources of fresh water lacks for drinking use, seawater water desalination, in accumulation to partial groundwater resources, are the chief water supply sources for urban utilization. In last two decades, urban water stress has increased considerably, owing to fast urbanization and industrialization, population growth and development in living standards. Facts and Figures With a soaring average growth rate of over 3.4% the population amplified from around 17.688 million in 1970 to 38.52 million in 1995. It is predicted to get to 81.25 million in 2025. The urban population is anticipated to ascend from 60% in 1995 to over 80% in 2025. Curriculum has been made for improved leakage control in networks of domestic water. They have been also incorporated for wastewater treatment and use again for industrial and irrigation use. Water management-related regulations and laws have been designed, counting those to decrease water demands and losses. Uncontrolled leakages add considerably to shallow water-table formation and contagion of shallow and deep aquifers. The extreme pumping from local aquifers to suit the growing urban water demand consequences in substantial turn down in water levels. This is worsening in groundwater quality. At adequately hefty pumping rates the demand is tried to be fulfilled, leads to stream flow depletion. With a constant increase in urban demand for water and sanitation, confront to suit these demands are rising. To construction more, costly desalination plants would be difficult. The dispute can be resolve with the preliminary part of new and modern legislation and institutional actions. This can also be done by taking on advanced techniques in water-demand reduction, wastewater reuse enhancement and reduction of water production, treatment and distribution costs. Ground Water Pumping through Water privatization   Water privatization  was taken on in 1989 by Margaret Thatchers  government. It privatized ten formerly public regional water and sewerage companies in   Wales  and England   in the course of disinvestment. in chorus the economic regulatory agency  OFWAT  was shaped. The Drinking Water Inspectorate (DWI) was positioned in 1990 to check water safety and quality. Water privatization since then is a controversial issue in England and Wales. A study by the  Public Services International  Research Unit (which is affiliated with trade unions), that opposes privatization in 2001 declared that tariff amplified by 46% in actual terms in the first nine years and investments were reduced Operating profits have doubled (i.e.+142%) in eight years and public health was endangered by cut-offs for non-payment. Privatization helped sign off the industrys  £4.95 billion debt. Privatization columnist disputed in 1997 that infrastructure-mainly sewers-were not adequate. Also, OFWAT was blamed of not evaluating company performance with targets. The critics said that OFWAT has chosen profit over providing a assured level of services. Conversely, a World Bank article disagree that the reforms six years after and before privatization investments were $17b and  £9.3bn respectively which has surely risen after privatization brought about conformity with rigorous drinking water standards Also headed to a higher quality of river water. There are also 16 mostly smaller water only companies in England and Wales that have been privately owned since the 19th century. In  Scotland  and  Northern Ireland  water and sewerage services have remained in public ownership Desalination To turn seawater into drinking water  , the first large-scale desalination plant for domestic and industry use in the UK opened on Wednesday 2 June 2010. Facts and Figures The desalination plants capacities vary from 1000 to 789 864 m3/day. In 1990 and 1997, the world desalinated water production was about 33% for the total domestic and 38% for industrial requirement. By 2025, desalination production is predictable to be around 54% of the total domestic and industrial claim. The RO plants need mechanical energy formed by pumps those work on electricity. About 3.5-9 kWh is necessary to manufacture 1 m3 of desalinated seawater. The energy requirement depends on the salinity level of the water input. Also depends on efficiency of pump and the process design. A single-stage plant of high efficiency level, needs around 4 kWh/m3 and 0.5-2.5 kWh/m3 to produce 1 m3 of reasonable quality water from seawater and salty groundwater. The use of a low-pressure membrane reduces the energy consumption by 25-40%, especially when using low-salinity water. DAMS Dams are made to contain water, stop flooding and produce hydroelectric power. Dams make available a water supply for irrigation, domestic needs and industrial application. Lakes and reservoirs are made since 19thcentury in UK. The most significant resource for building a dam is funding. In the UK, the figure of huge dams grew speedily during the 19th century from around 10 to 175. By 1950, the rate of growth nearly doubled. After 1950, edifice positioned itself at a rate of   5.4 dams per year. the UK today has a sum of 486 dams. In Europe, the totality of dams is rising slowly. The basic reason being that  appropriate sites are becoming less  and environmental concerns  become  growing. Large dams The six biggest reservoirs are positioned in the Volga river system in Russia.   The two largest are Kuybyshevskoye (6450 km2)  and Rybinskoye  (4450 km). Spain (approx. 1200), Turkey (approx. 610), Norway (approx. 364) and the UK (approx. 570) have largest number of reservoirs. Environmental Issues a number of environmental issues are raised by Reservoir construction in both building and completion stages. On closing the dam, the water level in the reservoir rises, resulting in key changes in the area  inundated with the water. Like loss of farmland, flooded settlements and the groundwater table raised. Once the reservoirs are made, two kinds of environmental problems take place: Make the reservoir inappropriate for its purpose. Algae and toxic substances in them make drinking water inappropriate. Evoke ecological weakening of the river system, particularly downstream of these reservoirs. Big dams break off the natural permanence of a river.   Reservoirs  change the  hydrological cycle, thus raising many other ecological consequences like leaving fewer spawning sites for migratory fish. Additionally, reservoirs grasp  suspended matter  mostly sand flowing into them. This decreases the suspended matter weight to  reach downstream and in the end to the sea. Lack of sand at the sea pilots coastal erosion. Conclusion Building dams is very costly and also gives rise to a number of environmental issues as discussed above. Ground water pumping and water privatizing also has risen many questions pertaining to water level and environment concerns vis-à  -vis profit making. The best option which should be taken ahead by government is water Desalination. Though the one time investments are high but the problem of water allocation can be limited with its supplies. Provisions to produce biofuels for the Thames desalination plant have been done, still till they are place energy consumption will remain an issue. Recommendation All the above discussions focus on fulfilling the demand by one method or the other. Still other way is to bring down the domestic and industrial demand. Legislation ought do more work to discontinue leaking pipes and decrease the average water use of customers by fixing more water meters and better promotions activities.

Process of Floor Maintenance Essay -- Process Essays

PREFACE Floor maintenance is a vital activity in any building which has tile flooring, whether it be a hospital, university or office building. Floors can either reflect a positive or negative image of an institution, depending on how they appear. This paper discusses the proper procedures for the three main steps in floor maintenance: stripping the floor, applying the finish and maintaining the finish. Everyone that is associated with the field of janitorial supplies and maintenance should have at least a general understanding of the correct procedures in floor care. Examples of such people would include janitorial workers, supervisors, and suppliers. The more informed everybody involved in the process is, the more efficient it becomes. Consequently, time and money will be saved. ii INTRODUCTION First impressions may play a role in whether a company gets a government contract or wins a bid. For an individual, it may determine if he/she gets a raise, promotion or even a second date! There is no doubt that making a good first impression is very important. Therefore, for a company, hospital or university, the way its floors look is highly important. Floor maintenance may be thought of as sinkhole of money to some, but to others, it is an investment in the future of the organization. A beautiful plant or building with bright shiny floors can be an advertisement reflecting that company's pride and commitment to excellence. A building that has dull dirty floors may reflect a lack of attention to detail or that the company is second rate. THis paper will discuss the three main steps in the floor maintenance process: stripping the floor, applying ... ...more uniform throughout. The liquid is emulsified so that the different components do not separate. plasticizer: a factory finish on new tile that must be removed in order for the floor finish to adhere. sealer: an undercoating that is applied before waxing to fill in the tile's pores so the finish does not soak into the tile. stripping: the fist process in floor maintenance. This is the process by which all the finish is removed from the tile using a stripping solution, mop and/or floor machine. 12 WORKS CITED Dixon, M. February 1988. Resilient floor care: Presenting a high quality image. Maintenance Supplies. 36-40, 58, 62. R******, Edward, janitorial sales man for 27 years. Personal interview. Techniques of Floor Maintenance. 1988. Baltimore: Grow Professional Products.

Chpl 500

The Early History of The Chaplaincy Liberty University Theological Seminary A Writing assignment Presented to Dr. Steve Smith In partial fulfillment for the course Introduction to Chaplaincy ministry CHPL 500 By Watson Rugano (L223514216) May 17th, 2011 Although it is still open for debate, there are suggestions that chaplaincy, as a function in the military, can be traced in the Old Testament. Consider the battle of the Israelites and the Amalekites.The children of Israel experienced victory as long Moses held his hands up in Prayer to God. Another example that is discussed in the book deals with the Priests who carried the Ark of the Covenant in some of the battles the Israelites were engaged in. Gideon is also looked at as playing the roles of a prophet, priest, and general. Doris Bergen is of the opinion that, â€Å"pointing to ancient precedents lends legitimacy and prestige to modern military chaplaincies, but it does not always accurately always reflect development in the pas t. The word chaplain as we know it today was coined from the Latin word capellanus which was derived from what Doris Bergen says was â€Å"the great royal relic of the patron saint of the Franks, the cappa. † But evidence of chaplains accompanying soldiers in battle was first noted with the Romans army in fifth century. Some of the duties that they performed involved caring for them by offering prayers and conducting mass. But an important aspect in the duties of the chaplain in those early days is best understood by a term Doris Bergen credits to Michael McCormick, which is, â€Å"liturgy of war. In liturgy of war, the chaplains â€Å"were not only part of an effort to achieve victory, they also represented a promise to warriors that their actions were just as good. † Some liturgical texts contain words uttered by soldiers in battle suggesting the influence of â€Å"religion. † The Roman soldiers were known to cry out loud, â€Å"Nobiscum, Deus! †-†Å"God is with us! † The Frankish warriors on the other hand would, together with their king, march around their camp â€Å"in procession, singing kyries and responding to their assembled priests’ chants: To Lord Charles and his army of the Franks, long life and victory! with the proto-Romance refrain, â€Å"Tu lo juval! † â€Å"(O God) Help him. The liturgy of war reveals how those entrusted with the spiritual care of the soldiers were used and also how those soldiers were affected by the words of the religious men among them. Constantine is known to have claimed seeing a vision of the cross which was an indication of divine help. And if his soldiers were to paint the symbol of the cross on their shields then, victory would be granted.His victory over the Roman Empire begun what was to be the Christianization of the conquered territory. But it was during the rise of the Carolingian monarchy that seems to have changed the history of war rituals. Doris Bergen men tions three factors that contributed to this change. These were, interest in performance of liturgy, nature of warfare had changed and ambition of the new monarchy which believed that both their activities were divinely sanctioned and that the ruler bore personal responsibility for subjects’ minds and souls.The revival of liturgy credited to the Carolingians and the application of a different kind of warfare in the middle east by the warriors of the first crusade that resulted in great success, would later give birth to what Doris calls â€Å"A new kind of war, a crusade, and with it, the liturgical rites that appeared to have stood the warriors of God in such good stead. Swathed in the success of the conquest of Jerusalem, the future of the liturgy of war was assured. †

How does Tony Harrison use language, form and structure to present grief in ‘Long Distance II’?

The poem ‘Long Distance II’ tackles the issue of bereavement and the emotions that are connected. In this poem, the speaker seems to be able to cope with the death of his mother and believes in a matter-of-factly fashion that â€Å"life ends with death†, however we learn that in reality he still feels grief and â€Å"calls the disconnected number† for his mother and father who have both passed away. The poet (Tony Harrison) uses few devices. This avoids an overly constructed and artificial style as Harrison wants to strike a more natural conversational tone.He uses words such as â€Å"he’d† and â€Å"can’t† to make the piece more understated and less theatrical. The use of enjambment also reinforces this idea. By running over lines, the poem becomes less methodical and well-planned out and more natural, as if it’s more of private confession rather than a structured poem. However the poet does discretely insert a slight per sonification when he mention’s his father’s â€Å"raw love†. Love is an abstract noun – something you can’t hear, taste, smell, see or touch. However Harrison decides to personify it, making it more human and fleshy.He makes love seem no longer invincible and robust, but instead makes it seem vulnerable and subject to injury. On the other hand, you could interpret the personified phrase â€Å"raw love†, in the way of his father’s heart being torn open by grief, revealing the fleshy wound which is still taking time to heal over. The poet bases his poem on the traditional sonnet. A sonnet is usually about love, and although this doesn’t immediately strike you as being a love poem, the primary message is that love and affection never truly dies.The writer has chosen to stick to the basic, monotone â€Å"abab† rhyme scheme of a sonnet. This shows him as being level-headed and emotionless, as the scheme is very rigid and regu lar. The use of iambic pentameter furthermore backs this up. Iambic pentameter is very regimental with emphasis on every other syllable. This again demonstrates his ability to remain stable during the grieving period. However, in the final quatrain, instead of ending it with the usual conclusive rhyming couplet, he brings in a completely new rhyme scheme.This shows him losing control, letting go of expectations and pouring out his raw emotions that he was earlier masking with his practical and detached appearance. This surprises the reader as it invites a completely new dimension and tone to the poem that is very unexpected. The poem is exactly 16 lines long. Although a sonnet is usually 14 lines long, this too reinforces the idea of a sonnet. Initially, the speaker uses blunt language to expose his seemingly practical and pragmatic response to bereavement.Harrison uses the word â€Å"dead† to show the speakers lack of euphemism. Whereas many people would subtly say that some one passed away, the speaker tells us in a straight forward way that his mum is â€Å"dead†. This coincides with when he tells us in a no-nonsense way that â€Å"life ends with death, and that is all†. However later on in the poem we find out that the speaker does miss his parents and still has their number in his â€Å"black leather phone book† which he calls.Although we may now think that the speaker is over his earlier emotionless self, the use of the words â€Å"black† and â€Å"leather† connotates coldness and masculinity linking directly back to his previous business-like attitude. Tony Harrison has used language, form and structure very effectively to capture the emotions of those grieving. He used specifically chosen language that showed informality yet decisiveness and structured his poem so that it represented the classic love sonnet but with a modern twist.

Exciting Chiang Mai Attractions Top 20 Things to See and Do

Exciting Chiang Mai Attractions Top 20 Things to See and Do SAT / ACT Prep Online Guides and Tips Chiang Mai, the ancient city in northern Thailand, is lovingly referred to asthe Rose of the North. Founded in 1296, Chiang Mai has over 300 Buddhist temples shining within and around its city walls. The modern city grew up besidethese golden shrines and crumbling monasteries, creating the beautiful, laid-back city that’s a favorite among travelers and expats today. I was fortunate enough to spend a month in Chiang Mai, and I’ve never felt such a sense of cultural fascination, well-being, or quality of life for the cost of living. When friends ask me for recommendations about Thailand, I have one that trumps all the rest. Go to Chiang Mai, I tell them. You’ll love it. Top Things to Do In Chiang Mai: Table of Contents I’ve picked out the top 20 things to do when you visit Chiang Mai in the north of Thailand. Since it’s a long list, here’s a table of contents to help you jump to any particular Chiang Mai attractions that stand out. Gaze at Golden Temples Shop, Sample, and Stroll Through the Markets Make Friends With Elephants Get a Thai Massage Take a Thai Cooking Class Watch Muay Thai (Thai Boxing), or Go to Muay Thai Training Camp Experience the Unforgettable Yi Peng Festival Explore the Trendy Neighborhood of Nimmanhaemin Take a Yoga Class Chatwith a BuddhistMonk Visit the Hill Tribes of Northern Thailand Go Rock Climbing Go Whitewater Rafting Zip Line Over the Jungle Go Jungle Trekking Attend a Traditional Khantoke Dinner and Show See a Cabaret Show Rent a Motorbike Check Out Chiang Mai University Get a Bamboo Tattoo One thing that often gives me pause about traveling to a new place is exactly how to get around. Before delving into this list of what to do in Chiang Mai, read this quick note ongeography and transportation. A Note on How to Get Around Chiang Mai One important thing that you should know about Chiang Mai geography is that there’s an old town and a new town. The Old City is a square area located inside stone walls. These walls were built inthe 13th century to defend Chiang Mai from Burma and the Mongol Empire. There are lots of hotels, hostels, restaurants, and tour agencies geared toward tourists in the Old City. The newer part of the city is everything outside the walls. Most people who live in Chiang Mai live outside the city walls. You can find plenty of restaurants, cafes, markets, and shops outside the walls, too. The square section on this Chiang Mai map is the Old City. It's surrounded by the remains of a stone wall from the 13th century. My suggestions for Chiang Mai attractions are scattered within and outside thecity walls, and some take you further afield into the surrounding hills and jungle. Since the city is so friendly to travelers (in fact, it’s trying to become a UNESCO-recognized â€Å"Creative City,† and its tourism sector is part of that initiative) you’ll find that transportation is easy and cheap. You can take tuk tuks, a songthaew (a pick-up truck that may make several stops), or arrange for transportation as part of a tour activity. Songthaews are less expensive than tuk tuks - usually less than a dollar for trips inside the city - and tuk tuks shouldn’t be more than $3.00. Most prices, even for organized Chiang Mai tours, are negotiable! Now let’s delve into the top 20 things to do during yourChiang Mai trip. In case you were wondering, yes, there will be lots of recommendations for delicious Thai food to eat. 1. Gaze at Golden Temples Chiang Mai is a center of Buddhism, and you’ll see lots of temples and monks in orange robes as you walk along its streets. Since its foundation over 700 years ago, Chiang Mai has had a lot of time to build shrines to Buddha. In fact, there are hundreds of intricately carved temples throughout the city, as well as crumbling ruins dating back to the 13th century. The temples are beautiful, with elaboratecarvings, detailed murals, bright colors, large Buddhas, and statues of elephants and other animals. I always felt a pervasive sense of calm stepping inside the colorful temples, surrounded by flowers and incense wafting through the air. Walking around the streets and stepping into temples is agreat way to spend a morning before the afternoon heat sets in. Below are a few special temples that you should visit, but I bet you'll find your own favorites, too. Chiang Mai Temples You Should Visit Wat Doi Suthep: This is the most famous temple in Chiang Mai and is recognizable as a symbol ofthe city. It was built in 1383 and perches atop a mountain about 15 km outside Chiang Mai. Wat Doi Suthep is a brilliant gold temple surrounded by chedi, Buddhist mound-like structures also known as stupas. To get to this temple, you can climb 304 steps flanked by mosaic serpents or take a tram. At the top, you’ll see sweeping views over Chiang Mai and airplanes landing in the distance. Wat Chedi Luang: At 82-meters, this 14th century temple is one of the largest in Chiang Mai. You can find the colorful Wat Chedi Luang in Chiang Mai’s historic center. Wat Phra Singh: Come to Wat Phra Sing to see the impressive and large golden Phra Buddha Singh statue. This temple was built in 1345 and restored in the 1920s. Wat Buppharam: Step just outside the city walls to see this 1497 temple. It has beautifully intricate mosaics and the largest teak Buddha image in Thailand. Wat Suan Dok: This temple is unique for its Sri Lanka-style architecture. It’s surrounded by white stupas and was founded in 1370. Wat Chiang Man: Built in 1297, this temple is special for its quartz crystal Buddha statue and detailed elephant statues. Temple Etiquette: What You Need to Know Both men and women should dress modestly to enter temples. You should cover your knees and shoulders, so no tank tops or shorts allowed inside. Some of the larger temples, like Wat Doi Suthep, will have shawls, pants, or wraps for you to rent, but smaller temples won’t, so you should go prepared. Similarly, don’t wear hats or sunglasses inside, and you should always take your shoes off before entering a temple. Beyond clothing, you should also be careful about gestures. It’s considered rude to point at others or the Buddha with your hands or your feet. It’s also expected that people back away from Buddha, rather than turn their back to him, when leaving the temple. Even though Chiang Mai can get hot, it’s generally a good idea to bring some sort of covering when meandering through the old city. I regret the times I saw a beautiful temple andcouldn’t go in because of my bare shoulders! 2. Shop, Sample, and Stroll Through the Markets There are so many bustling street markets throughout Chiang Mai, it’s almost hard to understand how they all fit! Some are daytime markets selling fresh fruits and vegetables, others are night markets for dinner, drinks, and shopping, and others fill the streets once a week for vendors to sell their crafts. Discovering new foods and crafts at the markets was one of my favorite things to do in Chiang Mai. Note that the food tends to have fixed prices, but everything else is usually fair game for haggling. Below are my recommendations for must-see markets in Chiang Mai, followed by some tips for what to eat and buy! Chiang Mai Markets You ShouldVisit Night Bazaar: This market’s open every single night from 6pm until midnight. It’s mainly a shopping market with a huge number of clothes, souvenirs, shoes, watches, and other goods. Some indoor shops sell real designer brands, but most goods out on the street are knock-offs. You won’t find as many high quality crafts here as you will at other markets (but you will find lotsof pirated DVDs). There are restaurants all around the market, as well as a big outdoor food court and Muay Thai ring behind it. The Night Bazaar sprawls along Chang Klan Road. Morning Market at Chiang Mai Gate: This morning market opens at 4:30 am and goes until noon at Chiang Mai Gate. Locals come here to buy fruits, vegetables, spices, and other foods. You can especially get a taste of local life if you show up early. Stalls with cooked food open up in this same spot around 5 pm for dinner. Wua Lai Street Saturday Market: This Saturday night market stretches the length of Wu Lai Road from 4:30 PM until around 10 PM. In addition to delicious food, you can find beautiful handicrafts made of wood, paper, and silk. The area is also known for its silver-making studios. Ratchadamonoen Road Sunday Market: The Sunday night market is similar to the Saturday night one. It stretches over a kilometer down Ratchadamnoen and Pra Singh Roads and is ever-growing! You’ll find amazing food stalls, traditional handicrafts, artwork, and clothes. Come here, rather than the Night Bazaar, for authentic Thai crafts. Keep in mind that it can get packed by 6 or 7. You might end up doing a slow shuffle through big crowds. Warorot Market: This large market in the center of Chiang Mai is open all day, every day. Some stalls close down around 6 pm, while others stay open well after dark. The main attraction is the countless food stallsselling all manner of Thai snacks, cooked foods, meats, and fresh fruits and vegetables. You’ll also find handicrafts and textiles from northern hill tribes on the side streets. Warorot Market is located at the end of Chiang Moi Road, near the Ping River Muang Mai Market: Touted as a â€Å"raw fooder’s paradise,† Muang Mai Market is great for wholesale fruit at unbeatable prices. It’s smaller than some of Chiang Mai’s other markets. You can also buy vegetables, meat, and seafood here. Muang Mai Market is open from dawn until dusk and is located on the northeastern side of the old city on Muang Samut Road. What to Eat Now let’s get toa subject of utmost importance - food! Chiang Mai street food is incredible and oh so cheap. You’ll probably end up spending somewhere between $1 and $3 for some of the best dinners of your life. Make sure to try khao soi, the speciality dish of Chiang Mai. It has egg noodles in a coconut curry broth and is usually served with lime, roasted chili, mustard greens, shallots, and crispy egg noodles on top. If you’re looking for stir fry, some great options are pak boon fai deang (morning glory), pat kha pao (a stir-fry with chili and basil), and pat prik gaeng (a red curry stir fry). Kaen khanun, or jackfruit curry, is also a delicious, unique kind of curry. Khao soi is the specialty of Chiang Mai. So. delicious. For meat, you might try the khao kha moo (stewed pork shank or knuckle often served with boiled egg, raw garlic, pickled mustard greens and chilly vinegar), kai yang (barbecued chicken), or sai oua (a grilled herb sausage). You might also try larb, usually ground pork or chicken cooked with spices and sometimes the blood of the animal. Some ubiquitous dishes you might be familiar with are pad thai, pad see ew, and tom yum soup, a spicy soup with lemongrass, kaffir lime leavs, galangal (Thai ginger), lime juice, fish sauce, and chili peppers. Two of my favorite snacks I discovered in the markets of Chiang Mai were steamed quail eggs, often sweetened with coconut, and miang kham, bite sized snacks wrapped inside cha plu leaves. They usually contain peanuts, ginger, chillies, shallots, green mango, and onions and are a taste explosion of sweet and spicy. You’ll also be able to find crickets and other insects to snack on, but for some reason I never found myself in the mood... Finally, you’ll see fresh juices and smoothies everywhere with all kinds of familiar and exotic fruits. One fruit that you should try for the experience - though maybe not the taste - is durian fruit. Hailed asthe King of Fruits, this controversial fruit is loved by some and despised by others. I’m glad I tried it, but to be brutally honest, the texture and taste reminded me of warm garbage. Durian, king of the (gross) fruits. What to Buy at the Markets One of my favorite things to buy at the markets was clothing. You can find colorful patterned pants, dresses, jumpers, shirts, and scarves at super reasonable prices, though the quality can vary. You’ll also find leather sandals and handcrafted jewelry. You’ll find traditional crafts made of wood, silk, ceramics, and paper, as well as prettylacquerware, typically bowls, boxes, and bracelets. You can also find lots of soaps and lotions with natural ingredients - coconut oil is a big ingredient. You may also be interested in the singing bowls, which are used for meditation and relaxation. The typically hand-hammered brass bowls come with a handle that you move around the outside at a steady pace to produce a steady ringing sound. Again, the Saturday and Sunday night markets are the best places to find traditional handicrafts, while the Night Bazaar has a lot of clothes and knock-off goods. 3. Make Friends with Elephants One of my most memorable experiences from Chiang Mai was visiting elephants. Three things I learned: elephants have very thick, wiry skin, their eyes show a great deal of intelligence and understanding, and they will eat a huge cluster of bananas in one gulp if you leave itunattended on the ground. You might have heard the sad statistics about elephant endangerment in Asia as a result of poaching and habitat destruction, as well as the huge problem of mistreatment of elephants in the tourism industry. Elephants are not actually supposed to carry weight on their back for longer than a few hours a day, and many tour agencies force them to carry people and wooden structures for eight hours or more. They also suffer abuse at the hands of their owners who want them to be docile for visiting tourists. Fortunately, there are three great elephant sanctuaries outside of Chiang Mai that rescue abused elephants and provide them with a caring, safe environment to live. These sanctuaries invite visitors to meet the elephants and learn about ethical and sustainable eco-tourism. In general, it’s best to look for a place committed to humane practices that will let you meet, feed, and bathe elephants, but not ride them. Below are three suggestions for elephant sanctuaries outside of Chiang Mai where you can meet and make friends with these magnificent animals. Elephant Sanctuaries Outside Chiang Mai Elephant Nature Park: This center for elephant rescue and rehabilitation is probably the most established and well known among travelers. Also a rescue for dogs, cats, and buffalo, Elephant Nature Park lets you visit for a half day, full day, or overnight stay. It also has options for week-long volunteering. These are the prices for the day and overnight visits. You can find all the details on the Elephant Nature Park website. Short visit: 9 - 3:30, 2,500 baht, about $72 Full day visit: 7:40 - 5:30, 2,500 baht, about $72 Overnight visit: 7:40 am to 5:30 pm next day, 5,800 baht, about $166 Elephant Jungle Sanctuary: I stayed overnight in Elephant Jungle Sanctuary, the newest center that opened in mid-2014. You can visit for a half day in the morning or afternoon, a full day, or a full day with an overnight. These are the visiting options: Half day morning, half day afternoon: 1700 baht, about $49 Full day: 2,400 baht, about $69 Full day with overnight: 4,900 baht, about $140 I had an amazing experience staying overnight. I met fellow travelers from all over the world, learned from the sanctuary’s owners, and got a tour of their village (which, surprisingly, was a Christian village with a church). We made dinner, drank locally made rice wine, and went on a morning hike with one of the sanctuary’s elephants. The full day before also involved feeding and spending time with elephants and bathing them in the river and â€Å"mud spa.† Boon Lott’s Elephant Sanctuary: Like the others, this sanctuary cares for rescued and retired elephants. This 500-acre center was named after its first rescued elephant who broke his back legs and received the first elephant wheelchair. People typicallystay at Boon Lott for at least one night. The price to stay in their guesthouse is 5,000 baht per night, or around $140. 4. Get a Thai Massage Tara Angkor Hotel/Flickr There’s a huge spa industry in Chiang Mai, and you’ll see massages advertised everywhere throughout the old city. There are casual places where you can just walk in to higher end dayspas that offer multi-hour combined packages. While people may have an association of cheap massage places with sex work, I didn’t find that to be an issue here, at least not at places in the Old City. For the most part, I’d say use your best judgment that the place is casual, but not seedy. Thai massages range from only about $5 to $15 for an hour. Most places offer a variety of massage types, but you should definitely try the traditional Thai massage when you’re in Chiang Mai. It’s an ancient healing practice that targets pressure points. You’ll be given loose clothes to put on. In addition to rubbing, the massage therapist will compress and stretch parts of your body and put you into passive yoga positions, like supine twists. I was a little nervous trying it for the first time, but I absolutely loved it. I did have a couple Thai massages where the pressure was way too intense, but I just asked the massage therapist to use a lighter touch. Massage parlors also offer foot massages, head, neck, and back massages, coconut oil massages, and skin treatments. It’s customary to tip for good service, perhaps 50 to 100 baht (between $1.50 and $3.50). Also note that you should always take your shoes off before entering; the first part of the massage will be washing your feet. Here are a few recommendations for spas in Chiang Mai. Where toGo for a Thai Massage Kiriya Spa Vana: This higher end spa has beautiful ambiance and amazing massages. Thai massages are 500 baht (about $14) for one hour. It also has lots of other options for massages and skin treatments, like citrus massage oil massage, cappuccino body scrub, and a chocolate, cinnamon, and ginger body mask. It’s a good idea to make an appointment, but they may be able to take walks in at quieter time of days. Address:47/14 Samlan Road Nimman House: This spa also has a nice ambiance and great massages, and the prices are a bit lower. A Thai massage is only 250 baht (about $7), and some of its other offerings include hot oil massages, milk cream massages, body scrubs, facials, and steam rooms. The mattresses are on the floor, rather than raised up. You usually don’t need to make an appointment. Address: 59/8 Nimmanhaemin Road Le Lux Thai Spa: This more casual massage place gives high-quality massages in a communal room. Hour-long Thai massages are only 200 baht (about $5-$6). Address: /6 Moonmuang Road Green Bamboo Massage: This spot uses organic, homemade cosmetic products. Thai massages are 250 baht (about $7). Some other massages on the menu include coconut oil, aloe vera, warmed bamboo stalk, and Tok Sen, a deeper technique that involves a â€Å"wooden stick and hammer.† Address:1 Moon Muang Road Cheeva Spa: Cheeva is one of the top-rated spas in Chiang Mai. It also has the most expensive Thai massage at 1,200 baht (about $34). It also has all kinds of spa packages that are two to four and a half hours long. Address: 4/2 Hussadhisewee Road Beyond these recommendations, you can also walk around the Old City and find numerous Thai massage places with hour-long massages between 200 and 250 baht. I went to a few random spots, and the only negative experience I had was that the pressure was too intense. The massage therapists lightened up when I asked. 5. Take a Thai Cooking Class If you’re a fan of Thai food, then you might be interested in learning how to make it! Several Thai cooking schools around Chiang Mai offer half day and full day classes, where you’ll learn to make a variety of dishes. Most classes first take you to a market, where you buy and learn about fruits, vegetables, and spices. I made tom yum soup, green curry with chicken and vegetables, pad thai in an omelette, and sticky rice with mango. It was delicious; my only regret was not being able to eat it all. The prices are typically only about $30 per person. Thai Cooking Schools in Chiang Mai Here are a few of the top cooking schools in Chiang Mai. In choosing, you should think about whether you want to do a full-day or half-day course and whether you want to drive out to a farm or go to a school in the city. All of the classes include transportation, and most share similar options on the menu - usually a type of curry, stir fry, appetizer, noodle dish, and dessert. As far as I know, all of them can be vegan or vegetarian. Thai Farming School: This class takes you out to the owner’s organic farm for cooking. First, you’ll get picked up from your hotel around 8:30 AM and head to a market to pick out ingredients. You’ll be back at your hotel around 4:30 or 5:00. The price, which is all inclusive, is 1,300 baht (about $37). Before your cooking class, you’ll get a guided tour of a market and pick out fruits, vegetables, and spices. Basil Cookery School: You can take a morning (9-3) or afternoon (4-8:30) class at this school in the city. You’ll learn seven dishes, and the classes are limited to one to seven people. The price 1,000 per person, or about $29. Thai Orchid Cookery School: This school in the Old City also keeps its classes small at between two and ten people. The full day course from 9:30 to 3 costs 1,200 baht (about $34) and the half day course from 10 to 1:30 costs 1,200 baht (about $26). 6. Watch Muay Thai (or Go to a Muay Thai Camp) Muay Thai is a combat sport similar to boxing, but fighters also use their elbows, knees, and feet. When they practice this â€Å"Art of Eight Limbs,† Muay Thai fighters use parts of their body to mimic weapons. Their hands are the sword and daggers, shins and forearms are armor, elbows are hammers, and legs and knees are the axe and staff. You can find Muay Thai matches on a nightly basis throughout Chiang Mai, though the more authentic fights that locals attend happenonce a week. If you’re interested in learning Muay Thai, you could also take classes or attend a longertraining camp. Muay Thai Matches in Chiang Mai Thapae Boxing Stadium: This stadium hosts 6 to 8 Muay Thai matches every night from Monday to Saturday. Tickets are 400 baht ($) for regular admission and 600 baht ($17) for ringside â€Å"VIP† seats. You can just show up. The entrance is on Moon Muang road, opposite Thaphae gate. Kawila Boxing Stadium: This less touristy stadium hosts fighters who are competing to become nationally known. It holds ten fights every Friday at 8. The prices are also 400 baht for regular admission and 600 for VIP seats. Kawila is one block south of Thapae Road. Loi Kroh: Fights are held here three to four nights a week on Loi Kroh Road behind the Night Bazaar. You’ll see both Thai and foreign Muay Thai fighters. The prices are the same as the other stadiums. You probably don’t need VIP seats - all the chairs are plastic and you can pretty much sit wherever you want. Several gyms offer Muay Thai camps and accommodations so you can learn this ancient form of combat. Muay Thai Training Centers in Chiang Mai All these gyms offer classes for both experienced Muay Thai fighters and complete beginners. Lanna Muay Thai Boxing Camp: Here, you can sign up for a single class or stay for a month or more on site. It’s 300 baht ($8 to $9) for a class and 8000 baht (about $230) for a full month of training. Lanna Muay Thai Boxing Camp:This spot also has single classes or accommodations for a month+ of training. A week costs 2,500 to 3,000 baht ($70 to $85) and a month costs 8,000 to 9,000 baht. High season is November to March and low season is April to October. Lanna Muay Thai Boxing Camp:Santai Gym is another good spot for classes or long-term training. A single day of training is 600 baht ($16 to $18) and one month is 10,000 baht (about $286). Other reputable Muay Thai gyms in Chiang Mai are Gym Bangarang Muay Thai MMA Training Camp and Hongtong Muay Thai Gym. 7. Explore the Trendy Neighborhood of Nimmanhaemin Jill Chen/Flickr Nimmanhaemin is a trendy area northwest of the Old City. While the Old City is more hotels and hostels, Nimmanhaemin is an area where people live. You can find lots of cafes, restaurants, shops, live music, art galleries, spas, salons, clothing stores, and boutiques. There are some really goodcoffee spots with fast, free wifi, thanks for the student population from the nearby Chiang Mai university and Chiang Mai’s group of â€Å"digital nomads,† people who work remotely. Some great Chiang Mai cafes in Nimmanhaemin are Librarista, Marble Arch, Wawee Coffee, Ristr8to, and Coffee Bar. You should also seek out the Nimman Promenade for boutiques and specialty shops, as well as the Ji-Qoo Art Gallery to see works by local artists. If you’re in the mood for a haircut, check out New York New York Hair Studio. It caters to locals and westerners, and I got one of the best and least expensive haircuts of my life there. 8. Experience the Unforgettable Yi Peng Festival Flip Nomad/Flickr Chiang Mai has one of the largest celebrations of the Yi Peng festival of lights every November during the full moon. This celebration of spiritual cleansing and renewal and good luck coincides with Loi Krathong, where people arrange flowers and candles on baskets and float them down the river (these floats are called krathongs). Chiang Mai holds the most elaborate celebrations with three days of parades, fairs, float and lantern contests, fireworks, beautiful decorations on the temples, and beauty contests called Nopphamat Queen contests. You can see and participate in everything for free - just head toward the Ping River - or you can buy tickets for the event at MaeJo University. Tickets for the MaeJo event are about $100. 8. Take a Yoga Class Health and wellness area big focus in Chiang Mai, which you can see with the ubiquitous spas, vegetarian restaurants, and yoga studios. There are great studios throughout the seat with classes suitable for people of all levels. Many classes are geared toward tourists and English-speaking expats, so all of the suggestions below offer classes in English. They typically cost just about $5 to $6 for an hour to an hour and half. Some also offer yoga teaching training, multi-day yoga retreats, and massage therapy classes. Yoga Studios in Chiang Mai Wild Rose Yoga:This studio has classes everyday at 10 am and 6 pm. You can find it on Soi 4/1, a very narrow road (too narrow for cars) off of Phrapokklao Soi 4. Blue Garden Yoga: This studio has daily yoga classes, plus yoga teacher and massage therapist training.Classes are usually at 9 AM and 7 PM. It has a beautiful semi-open space with plants and flowers. Word to the wise: wear bug spray! The Yoga Tree: offers classes in yoga, pilates, dance, and meditation, as well as training courses. It has several classes throughout the day. Other yoga schools in Chiang Mai are Mahasiddha Tantra Yoga School, Om Ganesha Yoga, Wise Living Yoga Academy, Freedom Yoga. 9. Chat With a BuddhistMonk Would you like to learn more about Buddhism, Chiang Mai, northern Thai culture, Thai language, or where to find the best pad thai? You can talk about anything you wantduring these exchanges with Thai monks offered at various temples throughout the week. These â€Å"monk chats† are a really cool opportunity to exchange language, culture, and conversation and gain insight into Thai culture. A lot of young monks participate to practice their English. They’re casual conversations, and you can talk for as long or as short a time as you like. If you’re looking to learn more about Chiang Mai and chat with locals, then you should take advantage of one of these unique opportunities. Times and Locations of Monk Chats in Chiang Mai Here are some of the temples that offer monk chats, along with the times. Wat Chedi Luang: daily from 9 AM to 6 PM. Up to 50 young monks sit outside at large tables to chat with visitors. Wat Suan Dok: Monday, Wednesday, and Friday, 5 to 7PM Wat Umong: Monday, Wednesday, and Friday, 5:30 to 7:30 PM MCU Buddhist University, Chiang Mai Campus: Monday, Wednesday, Friday, 5 pm to 730 pm Doi Suthep Temple: daily from 1 to 3 pm. 10. Visit the Hill Tribe Villages in Northern Thailand \ Donna Cymek/Flickr The main hill tribe peoples that live outside Chiang Mai are the Akha, the Palong, the Lahu, the Lisu, and the Karen, also referred to as the Long Necks because of the brass rings that women traditionally wear around their necks. Several groups give you the opportunity to visit and learn about the villages in northern Thailand. Ideally, the group you journey with should employ local villagers as guides andliaisonsbetween visitors and the communities. A couple reputable touring groups are Thailand Hilltribe Holidays and All Thailand Experiences. You’ll have the opportunity to go to markets, try new foods, lend a hand on farms, and possibly stay overnight in a village. You can also check out the Baan Tong Luang Village, an exhibition village featuring five hill tribe cultures. You can take a taxi to this exhibition village; no need for a guided tour. . Go Rock Climbing There’s some epic rock climbing outside of Chiang Mai according to a friend of mine. As a non-rock climber myself, I’ll have to take his word for it. The epicness is due to the limestone cliffs surrounding Chiang Mai. One especially famous crag is called Crazy Horse Buttress. You can climb with a group or private guide and rent equipment or bring your own. The best group is Chiang Mai Rock Climbing Adventures. It’s about $57 for a full day of climbing with a private guide, transportation, lunch, and climbing gear. If you have your own gear and don't need a guide, they'll drive you to the crag and back for just $10 or so. They also have multi-day climbing courses and an indoor climbing wall in their gym. 12.Brave the Rapids on the Mae Teng River People of all ages and experiences levels can go out whitewater rafting on the nearby Mae Teng River. Some good rafting tour groups are Siam River Adventures, Chiang Mai Adventure, Active Thailand, and All Chiang Mai Tours. All inclusive day tours are about $52. Some tours combine whitewater rafting with other activities, like jungle trekking or visiting elephants. When you’re not keeping your eye on the rapids, you may see animals,maybe even elephants, in the jungle along the river’s shore. 13. Zipline Over the Jungle Keeping in the theme of outdoor adventure, ziplining is another fun activity in the jungle outside Chiang Mai! You can fly over the jungle and maybe even see gibbons up there with you in the trees. Ziplining is one of the more expensive of the Chiang Mai attractions at about $100 per person. The best groups to take you out for the day are Chiang Mai Zipline (Flight of the Gibbon), Zipline Chiang Mai, Eagle Track Chiang Mai, Jungle Flight, and Flying Squirrels. 14. Trek Through theJungle If you want to get outside but perhaps stay at a normal height and away from any white water rapids, then consider singing upfor a jungle trekking tour. There are literally hundreds of options and tour groups. When trying to decide, look to see if a group is certified the Tourism Authority of Thailand, as that means itmaintainscertain safety standards. Some highly rated trekking groups are Pooh Eco Trek, All Chiang Mai Tours, Trekking Collective Co, and Next Step Thailand. You can go out for a day or stay overnight for one or more days. The cost isaround 1000 baht, or $29, for a full day. Prices tend to go downif you sign up with a larger group of people. 15. Attend a Khantoke Dinner and Show Khantoke dinners are a centuries-old Lanna tradition. You sit on the floor around a bamboo tray laden with a variety of northern Thai dishes. Some of these foods include fried pumpkin, tomato and minced pork dip, red chili, fried chicken, pork curry, and sticky rice. As you eat, you watch traditional Thai dances and cultural performances. Two famous ones are the candle dance and sword dance. You may also step outside to see more costumed dances and (spoiler) surprise fireworks at the end. The dinner is a rather touristy outing, but the dances are really lovely. The dinner, show, and transportation cost about $25; only drinks aren’t included in the price. Two major Khantoke dinner restaurants are Old Chiangmai Cultural Center and Khum Khantoke. 16. See a Cabaret Show John Shedrick/Flickr Cabaret shows, usually with transgender dancers or performers in drag, are popular in Chiang Mai and throughout Thailand. Commonly known as ladyboy shows, they involve choreographed dances and extravagant costumes. The shows can be interactive, so don’t be surprised by some touchy-feely exchanges if you’re in the front row. To see a cabaret show, check out the nightly performance in Chinag Mai in Ansuan Market. It’s every night at 9:30, but you should probably buy your ticket 8 or 9. The ticket includes a drink and a snack. 18.Rent a Motorbike Are you eager to try out your motorbiking skills? There are lots of rental places throughout the city where you can rent a motorbike for a day or more. Rentals can be as cheap as $5 a day, while more powerful bikes for off-roading may cost between $20 and $30 a day. You can drive around the city, or go off the beaten track to explore northern Thailand. One popular motorbike trip takes you to the golden temple on the mountain, Wat Doi Suthep, and on to dirt roads that pass reservoirs. If you're feeling confident with your driving skills, you could also make the mountainous drive to the small town of Pai, which sits north of Chiang Mai. I say you have to be confident because the road to Pai is famous for its 762 curves, as well as its "sick stations" along the way for travelers who chose to take the bus. As someone prone to motion sickness, I didn't make the trip. If I did have the choice, though, I would take a motorbike rather than brave the topsy-turvy bus! If you are renting a motorbike, remember one key piece of information: Thai people drive on the left side of the road! 19. Check Out Chiang Mai University Chiang Mai University sits on over 700 acres west of the Old City. If you’re looking to get into greener spaces, you’ll enjoy walking or biking along its beautiful grounds. Beside the gardens, there are several great cafes, vegetarian and vegan restaurants, a small art gallery, and a geology museum. Due to a recent problem of Chinese tourists sneaking into classes, the university started charging an entry fee of $1 to $2 for visitors. It’s a great place to walk, have a picnic, see how local and visiting students live and study, and step away from the city. 20. Get a Bamboo Tattoo Amanda Roberts/Flickr Want to make sure your trip to Thailand is an experience you’ll never forget? You might commemorate your travels with a traditional Thai bamboo tattoo. Tattooing with bamboo is a technique that’s over 3,000 years old. It involves one or more needles attached to a bamboo stick. One advantage of this technique is that the tattoo has a faster healing time. Buddhist monks would get tattoos for protection and to show faith. Thai soldiers got them as well. According to legend, Thailand has never been occupied because of the power of the soldiers' bambootattoos. There are some traditional sacred tattoo designs called Sak Yant tattoos that are usually performed by monks. Not all monks will tattoo women, as custom prohibits touching between the sexes. While it’s still possible to get a Sak Yant tattoo at various temples, you should be careful about the standards of hygiene. A few highly rated bamboo tattoo parlors in Chiang Mai are Naga Tattoo, Deja Vu Tattoo, and Sam Tattoo. Visiting Chiang Mai: FinalThoughts Chiang Mai is a city that lingers with you. I can still clearly recall the incense-filled halls and clanging bells of beautiful ancient temples, as well as the bustle of night markets filled with unbelievably delicious street food. Not only is Chiang Mai very affordable, but it’s also very easy to navigate. Because tourism is a large part of the local economy, you’ll have no trouble arranging tours and transportation or finding things to do. In fact, you may find that you have too much on your agenda, between your own plans and the people whoapproach with flyers for Muay Thai fights and cabaret shows. Beyond the temples, streetfood, markets, and surrounding natural beauty, I also lovedChiang Mai'sfocus on health and wellness. Traveling can wear you down, but in Chiang Mai you can easily take care of your physical and spiritual health with yoga, Thai massages, steam rooms, fresh vegetables, and an endless array of smoothies. While Chiang Mai has a nightlife scene, it’s not a huge party city like some of the southern Thai islands. You’ll find that fellow Chiang Mai backpackers, travelers, and expats are more interested in culture, outdoor activities, conservation, and amazing food, all of which northern Thailand has in abundance. If you’re traveling to Thailand, then Chiang Mai, the lovely Rose of the North, should definitely be in your plans. After a few days in this happy, laid back city, you might find, like I did, that you don’t want to leave!

Henry Ford essays

Henry Ford essays When Henry Ford was born on June 30th, 1863, neither he nor anyone for that matter, knew what an important role he would take in the future of mankind. Ford saw his first car when he was 12. He and his father where riding into Detroit at the time. At that moment, he knew what he wanted to do with his life: he wanted to make a difference in the automobile industry. Throughout his life he achieved this in an extraordinary way. That is why he will always be remembered in everyones heart. Whenever you drive down the road in your car, you can thank all of it to Henry Ford. Through his life he accomplished extraordinary achievements such as going from a poor farm boy to a wealthy inventor who helped Thomas Edison. When he was a young man, he figured out how to use simple inventions, such as the light bulb. He then taught himself the design of a steamboat engine. His goal was to build a horse-less carriage. He had come up with several designs and in 1896, he produced his first car, the Mo del A. When Fords first car came out, he was interviewed by a reporter and when asked about the history of the car, he had said "History is more or less bunk." Ford worked in Thomas Edisons factory for years and the left to become an apprentice for a car-producer in Detroit. While working there, he established how he was going to make the car. He looked through hundreds of books on bicycles and books on horse and buggies. Ford decided to use wheels from a bicycle, and the same steel framing. From the horse and buggy, he took the idea of the shape of the actual frame. He also made a handlebar that was in the same place as a horse rider for a buggy. When Henry Ford opened his first automobile plant, not only did it bring much attention to the industry, but it also made people want to own a car so that they looked "cool". People knew that this was going to be a successful industry so they wanted to work in it. Even though most people think ...

Descriptivism in Linguistics

Descriptivism in Linguistics Descriptivism is a nonjudgmental approach to language that focuses on how it is actually spoken and written. Also called  linguistic descriptivism.  Contrast with prescriptivism.   In the article Beyond and Between the Three Circles,  linguist Christian Mair has observed that the study of human languages in the spirit of linguistic descriptivism has been one of the great democratic enterprises of the past two centuries of scholarship in the humanities. . . . In the twentieth century, structuralist descriptivism and sociolinguistics have . . .  taught us to respect the structural complexity, communicative adequacy and creative-expressive potential of all the worlds languages, including socially stigmatized working-class and ethnic speech (World Englishes: New Theoretical and Methodological Considerations, 2016). Views on Prescriptivism and Descriptivism Excepting only in certain educational contexts, modern linguists utterly reject prescriptivism, and their investigations are based instead on descriptivism. In a descriptivist approach, we try to describe the facts of linguistic behavior exactly as we find them, and we refrain from making value judgments about the speech of native speakers. . . .Descriptivism is a central tenet of what we regard as a scientific approach to the study of language: the very first requirement in any scientific investigation is to get the facts right.(R.L. Trask, Key Concepts in Language and Linguistics. Routledge, 1999) The Realm of Descriptivism When we observe a linguistic phenomenon, such as the ones we observe on the Web, and report on what we see (i.e., the ways people use language and the way they interact), we are usually within the realm of  linguistic descriptivism.  For instance, if we take inventory  of the specific linguistic features of the discourse of a given speech community (e.g., gamers, sports enthusiasts, technology majors), we are within the realm of descriptivism.  A speech community, as Gumperz  (1968:381) points out, is any human aggregate characterized by regular and frequent interaction by means of a shared body of verbal signs and set off from similar aggregates by significant differences in language usage. Descriptivism involves observing and analyzing,  without passing too much judgment, the habits and practices within speech communities, focusing on language users and uses without attempting  to get them to modify their language according to standards external to the language itself .  Descriptive linguistics aims to understand the ways  people use language in the world, given all of the forces that influence such use. Prescriptivism lies at the other end of this continuum and is usually associated with stipulating rules and norms for language use.(Patricia Friedrich and Eduardo H. Diniz de Figueiredo, Introduction: Language, Englishes, and Technology in Perspective.  The Sociolinguistics of Digital Englishes.  Routledge, 2016) On Speaking With Authority About Language Even the most descriptive of linguists have not shied away from describing theirs as the only acceptable approach to grammar nor from ridiculing and condemning the prescriptivist statements of others.To a great extent, this is a story of a contest about who speaks authoritatively about the character of language and the methods for analyzing and describing it. The story reflects a continuing struggle to gain the exclusive right to speak authoritatively about language. The details reveal that prescriptivism remains entrenched in ostensibly descriptive as well as admittedly prescriptive approaches. For one thing, despite a professed commitment to descriptivism, professional linguists sometimes espouse prescriptivist positions, though not often about particular items of style or grammar.(Edward Finegan, Usage. The Cambridge History of the English Language: English in North America, ed. J. Algeo. Cambridge University  Press, 2001) Descriptivism vs. Prescriptivism [D]escriptivism is like common law, which works on precedent and accumulates slowly over time. Prescriptivism is an authoritarian version of code law, which says precedent be damned: if the rule book says this is the law, thats that.(Robert Lane Greene, You Are What You Speak. Delacorte, 2011)At more rarefied levels, prescriptivism  has become a four-letter word, with scholars arguing that it is neither desirable nor feasible to attempt to intervene in the natural  life of language. A deliberate renunciation of prescriptivism is more like atheism than agnosticism: a conscious nonbelief is, itself, a belief, and a refusal to intervene is essentially prescriptivism in reverse. In any event, in their rush away from prescriptivism, linguists may have abdicated a useful role as arbiters and many have left much of the field open to those stylized as language shamans by Dwight Bollinger, one of the few linguists who was willing to write about the public life of language.  Bolinger rig htly criticized  the obvious crank elements, but he also understood the desire, however ill-informed, for authoritative standards.(John Edwards,  Sociolinguistics: A Very Short Introduction. Oxford University Press,  2013) Pronunciation: de-SKRIP-ti-viz-em

Marine Organisation Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2250 words

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J&J Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

J&J - Assignment Example Also they cannot mention about the risk of death on the warning label because people with suicidal tendencies may start using it. The drug earns yearly revenue of $1.3 billion so it is not possible to completely shut down its production. In order to solve the quandary, the J&J Company should make it sure that the public is well aware of the risks associated with the medicine. Instead of advising only about using it on the prescription of a doctor, it should state clearly about the potential hazards it poses to specific organs. The Company should also restrict its use as an over-the-counter drug and should only allow it to be given by a qualified doctor. This would ensure that the people do not overuse the drug. Clearly, it would reduce their sales by a large margin but it would save a lot of money it loses in legal proceedings. Also millions of lives would be saved and the company would regain its good reputation which has been tainted by various incidents of deaths. Works Cited East on, Thomas and Stephen Herrera. J&J's Dirty Little Secret. Forbes, 1998. Print.

Select one of the topics Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

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Is ethical Business Good or Bad for Business Essay

Is ethical Business Good or Bad for Business - Essay Example The researcher states that as recently as about a decade ago, most firms perceived business ethics in terms of compliance with the legal standards as well as their adherence to the internal regulations and rules only. In the present day business world, this situation has changed greatly. Attention to the business ethics has increased throughout the globe and many organizations have realized that they must earn their customers confidence and respect for them to attain remarkable success. Corporations like never before, are being encouraged, asked, as well as prodded towards improvement of their business practices in emphasizing ethical and legal behavior. Corporations, individuals, and professional firms are increasingly being held accountable for their operations, as business witness growth in demand for higher corporate social responsibility standards. Workplace ethics have been a very hot topic in the current business studies. In the American workers’ eyes, the market downtu rn can certainly be attributed to deceit and greed. However, there are some other additional factors for the growing discussion concerning ethical practices in the workplace and they include the executives conduct regarding pay: throughout multiple firms, there exist inequalities in pay from the individuals at the highest organisational levels to those below them. The discrepancy is frequently linked to custom and entitlement but not to performance. Second is the awareness of potential of falling off the slippery slope, whereby individuals have witnessed many people falling off from their levels. Third is the behavior of sports and academic heroes, particularly the recent Syracuse and Penn State Universities’ scandals, which surpass football fields to leadership at various levels in both institutions. Finally is an unpinning of the way individuals treat each other. Current political game has rhetoric of blames making individuals assume that the society only cares about winnin g with civility being ruled out of winning (Lattal, 2012, p. 22). Answering the question whether ethical behavior is good or bad for business organizations is not an easy task. Unquestionably, ethical conduct makes a good sense of business. However, just as with all the other business studies’ issues, there exist two sides to this argument and this could be highlighted in the advantages and disadvantages of ethical business. Some of the benefits of ethical business include improvement in business and brand recognition and awareness, higher revenues- due to the demand from the positive consumer support, new financial sources such as from ethical investors, and better motivation and recruitment of employees. Arguments against ethical business present such disadvantages as higher costs like sourcing from the fair-trade suppliers instead of lowest prices, dangers of creating false expectations, and higher overheads such as communication and training of ethical policies. These arg uments form the basis of this paper. Focus is on establishing whether ethical business is good or bad for business entities and this shall be given from the literature review findings from which the writer shall draw strong points to support ethical business conduct/operations. Thus, this paper wishes to present ethical business conduct as being good for businesses. Literature Review Business ethics is one of the specialized ethics’ branches that focus on the application of moral standards to business behavior and organizations (Velasques, 1998). Being as such, business ethics cannot be comprehended separately from general ethics ideas and the common ethical theories as well applying to the business ethics (Fritzsche & Becker, 1984; Hunt & Vitell, 1986; Lahdesnati, 2005; Schumann, 2001). The normative ethical theory present varied moral theories, which independently prescribe set of the moral rules, which individual

Adopting a simple profit-maximising perspective ..... can have Essay - 2

Adopting a simple profit-maximising perspective ..... can have positive impacts for a firm,Using examples where appropriate, discuss this assertion - Essay Example This paper will examine the positive impact of the firm by applying the profit maximization strategies and perspectives. Different aspects of profit maximization of the firms and their strategies in order to maximize their profit will be studied in this paper. Some firms achieve its profit maximizing objectives by developing and implementing several strategies by motivating its employees and managers, improving returns on investments, and increasing product awareness etc. Competitive strategies that a firm implement to maximize its profits are as follows: A firm can destabilize its competitors by increasing its market share and sell the products or services at the same prices as competitors do to maximize its profit and creating a positive impact on the firm. A firm having the capability to produce the product at low cost can maximize its profit easily and in short time(Business Plan Hut 2012). A firm uses differentiation strategy usually to gain a competitive advantage over the existing workers inside that firm. Profit maximizing firm adopts this strategy when a customer’s desire and wants are so varied that a consistent product do not satisfy their desire. When customers are placing more value on the differentiated products that a firm is providing to them, then they are force to pay high price to that firm which helps it to maximize its profit(Business Plan Hut 2012). To maximize a firm’s profit and creating a positive impact on that firm, a focus or niche strategy must be huge to give away a healthy profit to that firm. The firm that employs this competitive strategy to maximize its profit experiences a loyal customer base. This competitive strategy helps the firm to maximize its profit that has a positive impact on the firm. Focus Strategy tends to be beneficial for the firm to maximize its profit when the following factors are set: Oil companies believe in long-term profit maximization and avoid large short-term losses and show their

Is ethical Business Good or Bad for Business Essay

Is ethical Business Good or Bad for Business - Essay Example The researcher states that as recently as about a decade ago, most firms perceived business ethics in terms of compliance with the legal standards as well as their adherence to the internal regulations and rules only. In the present day business world, this situation has changed greatly. Attention to the business ethics has increased throughout the globe and many organizations have realized that they must earn their customers confidence and respect for them to attain remarkable success. Corporations like never before, are being encouraged, asked, as well as prodded towards improvement of their business practices in emphasizing ethical and legal behavior. Corporations, individuals, and professional firms are increasingly being held accountable for their operations, as business witness growth in demand for higher corporate social responsibility standards. Workplace ethics have been a very hot topic in the current business studies. In the American workers’ eyes, the market downtu rn can certainly be attributed to deceit and greed. However, there are some other additional factors for the growing discussion concerning ethical practices in the workplace and they include the executives conduct regarding pay: throughout multiple firms, there exist inequalities in pay from the individuals at the highest organisational levels to those below them. The discrepancy is frequently linked to custom and entitlement but not to performance. Second is the awareness of potential of falling off the slippery slope, whereby individuals have witnessed many people falling off from their levels. Third is the behavior of sports and academic heroes, particularly the recent Syracuse and Penn State Universities’ scandals, which surpass football fields to leadership at various levels in both institutions. Finally is an unpinning of the way individuals treat each other. Current political game has rhetoric of blames making individuals assume that the society only cares about winnin g with civility being ruled out of winning (Lattal, 2012, p. 22). Answering the question whether ethical behavior is good or bad for business organizations is not an easy task. Unquestionably, ethical conduct makes a good sense of business. However, just as with all the other business studies’ issues, there exist two sides to this argument and this could be highlighted in the advantages and disadvantages of ethical business. Some of the benefits of ethical business include improvement in business and brand recognition and awareness, higher revenues- due to the demand from the positive consumer support, new financial sources such as from ethical investors, and better motivation and recruitment of employees. Arguments against ethical business present such disadvantages as higher costs like sourcing from the fair-trade suppliers instead of lowest prices, dangers of creating false expectations, and higher overheads such as communication and training of ethical policies. These arg uments form the basis of this paper. Focus is on establishing whether ethical business is good or bad for business entities and this shall be given from the literature review findings from which the writer shall draw strong points to support ethical business conduct/operations. Thus, this paper wishes to present ethical business conduct as being good for businesses. Literature Review Business ethics is one of the specialized ethics’ branches that focus on the application of moral standards to business behavior and organizations (Velasques, 1998). Being as such, business ethics cannot be comprehended separately from general ethics ideas and the common ethical theories as well applying to the business ethics (Fritzsche & Becker, 1984; Hunt & Vitell, 1986; Lahdesnati, 2005; Schumann, 2001). The normative ethical theory present varied moral theories, which independently prescribe set of the moral rules, which individual

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Effect of pH on Percent Oxygen Saturation of Haemaglobin

Effect of pH on Percent Oxygen Saturation of Haemaglobin Abstract The purpose of this lab was to determine the effect of changes in the pH and the partial pressure of oxygen on haemoglobin’s affinity for oxygen and percent oxygen saturation in the Bos taurus blood. At a lower pH (6.8) with a 21mmHg p50 value, it was found that the oxygen dissociation curve shifted to the right, which indicates that the Bohr Effect causes haemoglobin to lose its affinity for oxygen. This concludes that the increased carbon dioxide concentration forces haemoglobin to release its bound oxygen to the high metabolizing tissues (converting to deoxy-haemoglobin), but also forces the protein to bind more oxygen at the respiratory surfaces in order to transport enough oxygen to areas with a low oxygen partial pressure. At a higher pH (7.4), the oxygen dissociation curve shifted to the left with a 14mmHg p50 value since haemoglobin receives more oxygen, causing haemoglobin to have a higher affinity for oxygen and to remain as oxyhaemoglobin. Both sigmoid shaped curves contain a steep portion at 9.1mmHg and a plateau at 60mmHg. In conclusion, since the p50 value at pH 6.8 (21mmHg) is lower than the p50 value at pH 7.4 (14mmHg), this signifies that in an acidic environment, there is a higher partial pressure of oxygen in the environment as haemoglobin cannot bind the available oxygen as much due to its lowered affinity for oxygen. Introduction Haemoglobin is a specialized protein found inside the red blood cells of vertebrates that have developed organs for gaseous exchange as a substitute for simple diffusion. This respiratory pigment transports dissolved oxygen in the blood from the respiratory surface to the tissues through the circulatory system, and transports carbon dioxide back for excretion at the respiratory surface by exhalation. When one oxygen molecule binds to the iron containing heme group of the tetrameric-structured haemoglobin—which has four globulin subunits non-covalently linked to each other: two alpha- and two beta-polypeptide chains—its allosteric property increases its affinity for the addition of the next three successive oxygen molecules (Fenton et al., 2015). A total of four oxygen molecules can bind to this protein; however changes in the partial pressure of oxygen at the gas exchange site can affect haemoglobin’s percent oxygen saturation and changes in pH can alter haemoglo bin’s affinity for oxygen (also known as the Bohr Effect). The magnitude of the Bohr Effect in haemoglobin results from the breaking of the salt bridges between the histidine residues when the protein changes between its two structures at equilibrium: oxyhaemoglobin and deoxyhaemoglobin (Kilmartin, 1974; Zheng et al., 2013). During the structural shift, the histidine residues will react with the sulfhydryl group of the cysteine that is found in the deoxyhaemoglobin (Okonjo et al., 2014). Consequently, this change in the structural conformation of cysteine leads to a reduced Bohr Effect (Okonjo et al., 2014). Since deoxyhaemoglobin has been altered at a chemical level, it will experience a minimized Bohr Effect while its affinity for oxygen increases (Riggs, 1988). The Bohr Effect states that in a high pH alkaline environment, protons are released when oxygen is attached to haemoglobin; but are not released when in an acidic environment (Riggs, 1988). To what extent did the variations of PO2 and pH levels affect haemoglobin’s percent oxygen saturation in the Bos taurus blood was examined as the main purpose in this lab and is depicted by an oxygen dissociation curve. The resultant sigmoidal (S) shape relates the partial pressure of oxygen and haemoglobin’s percent oxygen saturation at different pH levels. Given that the manometer PO2 is held constant at the specific mmHg value, it is predicted that the oxygen dissociation curve will shift to the right at a pH of 6.8 (which is lower than the normal pH value of 7.4) as there is an increase in carbon dioxide concentration. This indicates that a pH drop will decrease the percent oxygen saturation of haemoglobin, and hence, its affinity for oxygen. Conversely, it is estimated that the curve will shift to the left at a pH of 7.4 as there are less carbon dioxide molecules in an alkaline environment. It is also predicted that at P50, there will be a difference in the percent oxygen saturation of haemoglobin at the different pH levels and that the two sigmoidal curves of the oxygen dissociation graph will eventually meet at equilibrium past P50 due to the Bohr Effect. In relation, Hill conducted his experiment with a similar procedure on human muscle and haemoglobin and concluded that at a higher pH level (muscle haemoglobin at pH 9.2 and blood haemoglobin at pH 9.2), the curve shifted to the left while at a lower pH level (muscle haemoglobin at pH 7.0 and blood haemoglobin at pH 7.0), the curve shifted to the right due to the Bohr Effect (Hill, 1936). Materials and Methods This experiment was conducted based on the BIO202 lab manual; however, the procedures performed for the Bos taurus at pH 7.4 under section 2 was deviated from the instructions provided. The maximum vacuum pressure was set at 750 mmHg instead of the listed value of 700mmHg since vacuum did not provide enough pressure at 700mmHg to deoxygenate the blood appropriately. My lab partners, Isabel, Zainab and Dianne, performed the experimental tests on Bos taurus buffered at pH 7.4. We collected the data conducted at pH 6.8 from our colleagues: Kashamala, Kiran, Jing, and Seevin. Results Figure 1 This oxygen dissociation curve graph depicts a logarithmic regression that relates the effect of the partial pressure of oxygen on haemoglobin’s percent oxygen saturation at both pH levels in Bos taurus. The manometer reading was converted to the partial pressure of oxygen with equation a listed in the appendix. In addition, the percentage transmittance value obtained from the spectrophotometer was converted to the percent oxygen saturation of haemoglobin using the equations of the two logarithmic regression curves. The P50 value at pH 6.8 is ~21mmHg and at pH 7.4 is ~14mmHg. This value reveals the change in the partial pressure of oxygen at the different pH levels due to the Bohr Effect when 50% of haemoglobin has been saturated. In Figure 1, the effect of the partial pressure of oxygen on the percent oxygen saturation of haemoglobin illustrates a sigmoidal shape as the main trend at the pH of 6.8 and 7.4. As PO2 increases, haemoglobin’s oxygen saturation also increases until a maximum amount of oxygen molecules have bound to this blood pigment. There are two patterns in this oxygen dissociation graph: (1) the steep (beginning at 9.1mmHg) and (2) the plateau (~60mmHg). The steep section begins when PO2 first rises from 9.1mmHg and the percent saturation increases drastically. At pH 6.8, the steepness levels off at point three where PO2 is 30.1mmHg and the percent saturation is at 84.0826%. At pH 7.4, the steepness levels off at point two where PO2 is 30.1mmHg and the saturation is at 83.6601%. When haemoglobin has reached its maximum oxygen capacity, the curve relating PO2 and haemoglobin saturation plateaus and become theoretical. During this period, haemoglobin maintains its maximum oxygen saturation at the maximum PO2. At pH 6.8, the maximum PO2 of 156.12mmHg occurs when the vacuum is not used (the pressure remains at 0mmHg), which gives haemoglobin a maximum theoretical oxygen saturation of 102.612%. At pH 7.4, the maximum PO2 of 156.12mmHg gives haemoglobin a maximum oxygen saturation of 97.7172%, which is slightly lower than the value at pH 6.8. In terms of pH change (the Bohr Effect), the curve of the lower pH shifts to the right while the curve of the higher pH shifts to the left. However, the starting point for both of the sigmoidal-shaped curves is at PO2 of 9.1mmHg, where 6.9259% saturation is for pH 6.8 and 8.3333% saturation is for pH 7.4. Discussion The results support the hypothesis that the oxygen dissociation curve will shift to the right at the pH value of 6.8, showing that haemoglobin’s (Hb’s) percent oxygen saturation decreases (due to a lower affinity for oxygen), whereas the graph will shift to the left at the pH value of 7.4, demonstrating that haemoglobin’s percent oxygen saturation increases (due to a higher affinity for oxygen). The p50 values from the graph indicates that in a basic environment, there is a lower partial pressure of oxygen in the environment (14mmHg) when compared to an acidic environment (21mmHg) because haemoglobin is able to bind to more of the available oxygen due to its increased affinity for oxygen whereas at pH 6.8, haemoglobin is unable to bind to as much oxygen due to its decreased affinity for oxygen. The reason behind this lowered oxygen affinity is due to the Bohr Effect and the high concentration of carbon dioxide present in the area. Moreover, the amount of carbon d ioxide concentration present changes the pH, which directly affects the ability of haemoglobin to bind to oxygen and readily dissociate oxygen. When there is a high partial pressure of oxygen in an area where haemoglobin is present, the tetrameric protein’s percentage saturation of oxygen increases as well because there are more available oxygen molecules to bind to. Due to the cluster of oxygen molecules around this blood pigment, haemoglobins affinity for oxygen becomes tremendously improved due to its allosteric property, where the next three successive oxygen molecules are more readily bound after the first one has been attached. From this, since haemoglobin is able to transport more oxygen molecules from the respiratory surface, a high concentration of oxygen is released into the blood plasma to be absorbed by the surrounding tissues. This is why in Figure 1, the graph—comparing the effect of the partial pressure of oxygen on haemoglobin saturation—has an incredibly steep curve at the beginning to indicate that haemoglobin is able to pick up a lot of oxygen molecules. From the graph, at pH 6.8, there is a high partial pressure of carbon dioxide where water reacts with carbon dioxide, generating H+ ions that produce an acidic environment with a low pH (Riggs, 1988). This reduces haemoglobin’s affinity for oxygen, where haemoglobin subsequently converts into deoxyhaemoglobin, which is its alternate structural form. In this acidic environment, the tissues are at a high metabolic rate and need more oxygen molecules. So, according to the Bohr Effect, haemoglobin will bind to more oxygen at the respiratory surface and release its oxygen content more readily at the tissues (where there is a lowered PO2) in order to raise the pH level back to normal. In essence, the body raises the partial pressure of oxygen to match that of carbon dioxide so that a dynamic equilibrium is created to raise blood pH back to normal levels and reduce the acidity – where the rate of perfusion and ventilation is equal to each other. In terms of the pH at 7.4, ther e is low carbon dioxide partial pressure where the environment is more alkaline. The Bohr Effect prevents the transport of oxygen to the deoxygenated area, so that the partial pressure of oxygen also decreases in respect to the partial pressure of carbon dioxide in an attempt to decrease the pH level. However, if haemoglobin attaches onto oxygen, protons are released, which equals out the increase in oxygen with an increase in carbon dioxide. Thus, the increase in H+ is directly proportional to the increase in CO2 (Riggs, 1988). The two curves eventually meet together at one point, indicating that Bos taurus is attempting to maintain pH equilibrium, where pH 6.8 attempts to raise Hb saturation for a more alkaline environment and pH 7.4 attempts to reduce Hb saturation for a more acidic environment. However, the Bohr Effect presents an advantage to the body when it is subjected to an oxygen deficient environment during exercise, where there is lactic acid buildup, a drop in blood pH, and an increase in carbon dioxide and hydrogen concentrations. The formation of carbonic acid and H+ ions from the reaction between water and carbon dioxide produces an acidic environment, lowering the pH levels (Riggs, 1988). In these regions, the production of carbon dioxide from muscle cells inhibits haemoglobin’s affinity for oxygen in the bloodstream by binding to haemoglobin itself, forming carbamino haemoglobin. Carbamino haemoglobin brings the H+ protons generated along with the carbon dioxide molecules to the lungs, where it is expelled through exhalation (Riggs, 1988). When this happens, there is not enough oxygen present at the tissues, so the Bohr Effect sends haemoglobin to the tissues, which readily releases its oxygen content into the tissues because it can no longer hold onto the molecule as it travels further into the bloodstream. Eventually, the Bohr Effect helps to raise blood pH back up to normal levels when enduring anaerobic respiration since haemoglobin is continually releasing its bound oxygen molecules as its affinity decreases to be the rising carbon dioxide levels. It is beneficial for haemoglobin to have a low affinity for oxygen near the tissues to increase oxygen uptake by the tissues, but to have a high affinity for oxygen at respiratory surfaces so haemoglobin can transport as much oxygen as possible, and as far into the body as possible. Thus, altering the oxygen affinity of haemoglobin is the bodys way of using the Bohr Effect to its advantage to solve the problem of lacking oxygen since more oxygen is released with an increase in carbon dioxide levels. One limitation of the experiment involved the absence of a spectrophotometer and the instrumental error of the vacuum. The vacuum failed to serve its purpose at the 700mmHg level, so it had to be increased to the 750mmHg level for the procedure done for pH 7.4, which results in an unfair comparison for the data done for pH 6.8. In conclusion, when pH is low, haemoglobin has less affinity for oxygen (lower saturation) whereas when pH is high, haemoglobin has more affinity for oxygen (higher saturation). References Fenton, B., Dumont, B., and Owen, M. (2015). Respiratory Pigments: Hemoglobin and  Hemocyanin. In Integrative Animal Biology (ed. S. Hinic-Frlog), pp. 300-301. Toronto, ON: Nelson Education Ltd. Hill, R. (1936). Oxygen Dissociation Curves of Muscle Haemoglobin. Proc. R. Soc. Lond. 120,  472-483. Kilmartin, J. V. (1974). THE ALKALINE BOHR EFFECT OF HUMAN HEMOGLOBIN.Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences. 241, 465-471. Okonjo, K. O., Olatunde, A. M., Fodeke, A. A. and Babalola, J. O. (2014). Bohr effect of  human hemoglobin A: Magnitude of negative contributions determined by the equilibrium between two tertiary structures. Biophysical Chemistry. 190, 41-49. Riggs, A. F. (1988). The Bohr Effect. Annual Reviews Inc. 50, 181-204. Zheng, G., Schaefer, M. and Karpus, M. (2013). Hemoglobin Bohr Effects: Atomic Origin of the Histidine Residue Contributions. Biochemistry. 52, 8539-8555. Appendix Figure A1 This standard curve graph depicts a linear regression that relates the effect of percent transmittance on the percent saturation of haemoglobin at both pH levels in Bos taurus. Oxygenated haemolysate was exposed to the vacuum at a maximum pressure of 700mmHg for 5 minutes to become entirely deoxygenated, which was added to the oxygenated haemolysate. Different amounts of 100% oxygenated and 100% deoxygenated haemoglobin were combined to give five various saturation percentages. A percent transmittance reading was taken for each of the saturation percentages, using a spectrophotometer. Oxygen Dissociation Curve (Sample Calculation #1) The manometer reading values are converted to the partial pressure of oxygen with the formula: (Equation a), where D is the barometric pressure (measured in mmHg), W is the water vapor pressure (measured in mmHg), and M is the manometer reading (measured in mmHg). The temperature was 22 ºC and the barometric pressure was 763mmHg for the lab room. Manometer reading at 300mmHg: Therefore, the partial pressure of oxygen at a manometer reading of 300mmHg is 93.1mmHg. Oxygen Dissociation Curve (Sample Calculation #2) The regression line equation is used to convert the percent transmittance to the percent oxygen saturation of haemoglobin. At the pH 6.8: The regression line equation is, where the variable y represents the percent transmittance value and the variable x represents the percent oxygen saturation of haemoglobin. Partial pressure of oxygen at 93.1mmHg: Therefore, the percent oxygen saturation of haemoglobin is 98.0559% at the pH 6.8. At the pH 7.4: The regression line equation is, where the variable y represents the percent transmittance value and the variable x represents the percent oxygen saturation of haemoglobin. Partial pressure of oxygen at 93.1mmHg: Therefore, the percent oxygen saturation of haemoglobin is 94.7712% at the pH 7.4.  Ã‚